硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面：硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用。土壤学机制方面：硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。     

Phosphorus fractions and dynamics as affected by land-use changes in the Central Mexican highlands

Land-use change from forest to agriculture in the volcanic ash-derived soils of Mexico has increased over recent decades. It is likely that land uses and management practices, particularly fertilizer use have affected phosphorus (P) distribution and availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land-use types (native forest and maize mono-cropping), and the related P addition, on the forms and distribution of soil P and their isotopic exchangeability. An Andisol, sampled from a cropping site, along with the contiguous area under native forest was treated with ³²P-labelled potassium phosphate (KH₂³²PO₄). The soil samples were extracted after incubation times of 7, 21, 35 and 49 days. Phosphorus content and ³²P recovery in fractions sequentially extracted were assessed for each incubation time. Total soil P was dominated by inorganic fractions (79 to 86%) in both land-use types. Resin-Pi, bicarbonate extractable inorganic P (Bic-Pi) and sodium hydroxide extractable inorganic P (NaOH_0.1-Pi) were all raised with P addition. However, the proportion of organic P fraction was reduced under cropped soil. The recovery of ³²P in soils with P addition indicates that resin-Pi, Bic-Pi and NaOH_0.1-Pi comprised nearly all the exchangeable P. In native soils with no P addition, more than 19% of the ³²P was recovered in Bic-Po and NaOH_0.1-Po forms. This finding indicates that organic P cycling is crucial when soil Pi reserves are presented in an inadequate amount. Ecologically based management has to be designed for replenishment and succeeding maintenance of soil organic P compounds to increase sustainable agricultural production.     

秸秆碳对不同施肥水平低肥力土壤碳组分的影响

为探明不同施肥水平下秸秆碳对低肥力土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）含量的影响，采用碳化硅管原位法，向不同施肥水平（0、120、240 kg·hm^-2，以纯氮计）的低肥力土壤添加¹³C标记小麦秸秆，定期取土样测定不同有机碳组分的含量及其δ¹³C值，并计算秸秆碳在各有机碳库中的转化及贡献比例。研究结果显示，秸秆添加后7 d是快速转化阶段，此后秸秆碳转化渐缓，以向POC转化为主。相较于DOC，秸秆碳更倾向转化为MBC和POC，秸秆添加60 d后的转化比例分别为0.12%~0.38%、4.01%~6.25%和4.74%~9.54%。秸秆添加后，土壤DOC、MBC和POC含量均显著增加，来自于秸秆碳的贡献分别为0.29%~15.01%、13.20%~32.85%和33.62%~59.69%。相较于0、240 kg·hm^-2的施氮处理，施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2时，秸秆添加能同时大幅提高试验土壤的活性和缓效性有机碳库含量。由此表明，秸秆还田条件下，适量施加氮肥更有利于低肥力土壤的培肥与固碳。     

镉胁迫对烟草种子萌发和烟苗生长发育的影响

为探讨不同镉（Cd）胁迫对不同烟草品种种子萌发、幼苗生长的生理生态效应的影响,以吉烟9号、吉烟10号、延晒六号3个烟草品种为材料,研究了不同浓度的Cd溶液对烟草种子萌发以及烟苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,Cd胁迫下烟草种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高均受到抑制;烟苗叶绿素含量降低,根冠比变小,生长受到抑制,CAT活性、SOD活性、可溶性糖含量随Cd浓度的增加呈先增后降的趋势,POD活性、MDA含量、Pro含量、Cd含量均随Cd浓度的增加而增加。可见Cd胁迫能不同程度地影响烟草种子萌发和烟苗生长发育,烟苗体内的抗氧化酶系统被破坏,多种酶活性不协调,生理生化过程紊乱,最终导致烟苗受害。     

Relationships between individual movement,trophic position and growth of juvenile pike (Esox lucius)

Variation in movement between individuals can have important ecological effects on populations and ecosystems, yet the factors driving differences in movement and their consequences remain poorly understood. Here, individual variability in the movements of juvenile (age 0 +  and 1 +  year) pike Esox lucius was assessed using passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry in off‐channel nursery areas over a 26‐ month period. Differences in the movement patterns of individuals were tested against their body sizes, ages, growth rates and trophic positions using data collected through a combination of catch‐and‐release sampling and stable isotope analyses. Results revealed that variation in movement between individuals was affected by age, with 1 +  individuals moving more than individuals of age 0 + , but not length. Individuals whose TP was low on their initial capture event moved significantly less than those with a higher initial TP. Individuals that moved more grew faster and achieved a higher final TP. These results suggest that higher activity (i.e., increased movement) increases resource acquisition that enhances growth rates, which could ultimately maximise individual performances.     

亚热带农业小流域水体氮素及其稳定同位素分布特征

为控制流域氮素养分流失、改善流域水体环境,以亚热带典型农业小流域脱甲河为研究对象,对表层水体铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3--N)浓度和水体硝态氮δ~(15)N(δ~(15)N-NO_3-)、沉积物有机质δ~(15)N(δ~(15)N-Org)浓度进行了连续试验观测,分析氮素浓度及其稳定同位素值的时空特征,探讨影响氮素分布的环境因子及水体NO_3-和沉积物有机质氮素的可能来源。结果表明:水体NO_3--N浓度明显高于NH_4~+-N,均值分别为1.62 mg·L~(-1)和0.90mg·L~(-1),并且分别在6月、8月及冬季较高;城镇区和农田区水体NH_4~+-N浓度与其他类型区差异显著(P0.05),并且显著高于其他水体;NO_3--N浓度在城镇区、农田区及山间林地区较高,水库区较低。支流NH_4~+-N浓度高于干流,均表现为冬季春季夏季秋季;干流、支流NO_3--N浓度分别表现为冬季夏季秋季春季、秋季冬季夏季春季。源头和出口处水体均表现为NO_3--N浓度高于NH_4~+-N,源头处氮素浓度低于出口处。水体δ~(15)N-NO_3-及底泥δ~(15)N-Org值分布范围分别为-19.87‰~8.11‰和-0.69‰~6.51‰,水体δ~(15)N-NO_3-最高值在Ⅲ级河段,最低值出现于Ⅳ级河段,各级河段间水体δ~(15)N-NO_3-11月差异较小,而1、2月差异明显;河流底泥δ~(15)N-Org最高值也位于Ⅲ级河段,而最低值则在Ⅰ级河段,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级河段δ~(15)N-Org值随时间变化趋势较为一致,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级河段δ~(15)N-Org最小值出现于1月。总之,脱甲河水体存在氮素污染现象且以外源输入为主,水体氮素来源主要为土壤有机质、人工合成肥料及陆源有机质,开展流域氮素分布及来源研究对认识流域尺度氮污染物的源解析具有一定科学意义。     

Influence of soil applied boron on yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium L.) and soil boron fractions in calcareous soils

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in North-west India to study the effect of soil applied boron on yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium L.) and soil boron fractions in boron deficient calcareous soils. Three soils with varying calcium carbonate content viz. 0.75% (Soil I), 2.6% (Soil II), and 5.7% (Soil III) were collected from different sites of Ludhiana, Bathinda, and Shri Muktsar Sahib districts, Punjab, India. The treatments consisted of six levels of soil applied boron viz. 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 2.0 mg B kg^?1 along with control. The green fodder yield and dry matter yield increased significantly at 0.75 mg B kg^?1 soil treatment level in the first cutting, while these were significant at 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil treatment level in all soils at second, third, and fourth cuttings. Among all three calcareous soils, Soil I with lower calcium carbonate was the best soil in respect of mean yield in comparison to Soil II and Soil III. Combined effect of boron level and soils had significant effect on yield of berseem. There was a significant increase in mean dry root biomass at 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil level over control and then remained non-significant with further high levels of soil applied boron. The mean dry root biomass decreased significantly for the soils having 0.75%, 2.6%, and 5.7% calcium carbonate levels. Readily soluble fraction is considered to be easily available fraction of B for plant uptake and consisted of 0.47–0.62% in Soil I, 0.31–0.43% in Soil II, and 0.24–0.34% in Soil III of the total boron. Among all B fractions, mean readily soluble, specifically adsorbed, and oxide-bound fractions got increased significantly with increase in B levels. Readily soluble and organically bound B fractions were more in Soil I as compared to Soil II and Soil III. Specifically adsorbed boron, oxide bound fraction, residual and total boron were more in Soil III in comparison to Soil I and Soil II. Among all fractions, residual fraction accounted for the major portion of the total B. It comprised of 92.71–93.90% in Soil I, 94.51–95.40% in Soil II, and 94.91–95.25% in Soil III of the total boron.     

宁夏中部半干旱带不同灌溉量下的禾豆混播效果

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)两种豆科牧草与无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)3种禾本科牧草为材料,在宁夏中部半干旱地区开展禾本科和豆科牧草单播及禾豆混播试验,设置3种水分梯度处理,即低灌溉量(484 mm)、中灌溉量(707 mm)、高灌溉量(1 160mm),对不同水分处理条件下单混播组合的产量、整株的碳同位素分辨率(Δ~(13)C)及光合作用参数等生理指标进行测定分析。结果表明,在宁夏中部干旱带有灌溉条件下进行禾豆牧草混播可以提高群体的产量和水分利用效率,其中沙打旺+披碱草混播组合产量及水分利用效率表现最好且Δ~(13)C值最高。不同水分处理对禾、豆牧草的株高、光合生理参数、产量及Δ~(13)C等有显著影响(P0.05)。牧草混播组合在高灌溉量时的产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及Δ~(13)C最高,低灌溉量条件下最低。在高灌溉量时Δ~(13)C、气孔导度(Gs)、叶温、株高等与产量和WUE的关系最为密切。因此,在高灌溉量时可将高Δ~(13)C作为筛选高产组合的标准,在低灌溉量时可将低Δ~(13)C作为筛选抗旱节水组合的理想指标。     

Cannibalism facilitates gigantism in a nine‐spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) population

Cannibalism is a taxonomically widespread phenomenon that can fundamentally affect the structure and stability of aquatic communities, including the emergence of a bimodal size distribution (“dwarfs” and “giants”) in fish populations. Emergence of giants could also be driven or facilitated by parasites that divert host resources from reproduction to growth. We studied the trophic ecology of giant nine‐spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) in a Finnish pond to evaluate the hypotheses that gigantism in this population would be facilitated by cannibalism and/or parasitic infections by Schistocephalus pungitii cestode. Stomach content analyses revealed an initial ontogenetic dietary shift from small to large benthic invertebrates, followed by cannibalism on 10–20‐mm‐long conspecifics by giant individuals. However, stable nitrogen isotopes (δ¹⁵N) indicated a concave relationship between fish size and trophic position, with relatively low trophic position estimates suggesting only facultative cannibalism among giants. The unexpectedly high trophic position of the intermediate‐sized fish may reflect substantial, but temporary, predation on eggs or young‐of‐the‐year conspecifics, but may also partly result from starvation caused by S. pungitii infection. However, it seems implausible that parasitic infections (i.e. castration) would explain gigantism among nine‐spined sticklebacks because all >100‐mm giants were unparasitised. Hence, the present results suggest that an ontogenetic niche shift from an invertebrate diet to intercohort cannibalism may facilitate the occurrence of gigantism in nine‐spined sticklebacks.     

浑善达克沙地杨树水分利用特征

为探究浑善达克沙地杨树的水分利用特征。本文利用氢和氧同位素示踪技术,测定了降雨、土壤水与地下水的δ18O值,利用多元线性混合模型定量计算了杨树对不同土层土壤水分的利用比例。结果表明:①浑善达克沙地大气降雨方程线为:δDLWML=7.84δ^18OLWML+9.12,斜率比全国降雨方程偏小,体现了研究区降雨少,蒸发大的气候特征;②土壤含水量与地下水位埋深、降雨量、植物生长期的变化有着显著的相关关系。降雨量较大与地下水位埋深较浅的时期,土壤含水量明显增大,在植物生长前期和中期,土壤含水量明显较低;③杨树在雨季,利用了大量的浅层土壤水(0~40 cm),在较为干旱的旱季,利用了大量的深层土壤(160~200 cm)水与少量的地下水。