庐江县沼气事业现状与发展对策

阐述庐江县沼气事业发展现状,分析当前沼气发展遇到的问题和困难,提出促进农村沼气发展的对策,为农村沼气发展转型升级提供参考。     

生物炭配施沼液对淋溶状态下土壤养分的影响

为探讨生物炭配施沼液对土壤养分淋失的影响,通过室内土柱试验,采用三因素三水平正交试验方法,系统研究了生物炭添加量、淋溶强度、沼液施加量对土壤养分淋失及土壤养分垂直分布的影响规律。结果表明,土壤养分淋失主要集中在前8次,后期淋失量均维持在较低水平并趋于稳定。各因素对氨态氮、速效磷、速效钾淋失的影响由大到小依次为淋溶强度、生物炭添加量、沼液施加量,而对硝态氮淋失量的影响由大到小依次为生物炭添加量、沼液施加量、淋溶强度。添加生物炭能明显减少养分淋失,且添加生物炭的0～20cm深度土壤的养分明显高于未添加生物炭的20～40cm土壤,各因素对氨态氮、硝态氮、速效钾在土壤中的含量影响差异显著,而对速效磷的影响则无显著差异。     

沼气原料收储运体系优化研究进展及其影响因素分析

结合调研结果分析了当前我国沼气与生物天然气产业发展的困境,建议构建并优化沼气与生物天然气产业的原料收储运体系,并对其中涉及的站点选址布局和运输路径的优化问题的国内外研究进展进行概述分析,提出原料收储运体系的优化思路,并分析了原料可供给性的影响因素。     

貂粪沼气发酵产气潜力研究

[目的]研究不同料液比对貂粪沼气发酵产气效果的影响,为以貂粪为原料进行沼气发酵及貂粪的多样化处理提供参考。[方法]以貂粪为原料,沼液为接种物,35℃恒温厌氧发酵,比较不同料液比对貂粪产气效果的影响。[结果]试验表明,发酵料液配比为1∶2时,貂粪更易降解,产气量高。试验初步确定貂粪发酵的水力滞留时间为21 d。料液总固体(TS)浓度为6.0%时,貂粪的产气潜力为345.7 mL/g TS,350.3 mL/g挥发性固体(VS)。[结论]貂粪是一种无需调碳氮比且产沼气潜力很高的发酵原料。     

畜禽粪便与秸秆混合发酵及贮藏阶段沼液中碳氮元素变化

为研究沼液从产生到贮藏期间碳氮元素的变化规律,将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合,进行中温厌氧发酵,并在常温下以密闭静置、密闭搅拌、敞口静置、敞口搅拌等4种方式贮藏沼液,跟踪并分析了猪、鸡粪和秸秆混合发酵沼液在厌氧发酵及贮藏期间碳、氮元素的形态和含量变化。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,沼液中的总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)浓度均有所增加,增加幅度在15.0%~36.1%之间,其中TOC在第18 d达到最高浓度(6467 mg·L~(-1)),TN在第23 d达到最高浓度(4181 mg·L~(-1))。贮藏阶段,沼液中的TOC、TN浓度均有所降低,TOC先下降后升高,总体降低幅度较小(2.9%~12.0%),降幅顺序为敞口静置敞口搅拌密闭静置密闭搅拌;TN先升高后降低,总体降低幅度较大(4.2%~56.2%),降幅顺序为密闭静置密闭搅拌敞口静置敞口搅拌。综上,厌氧发酵18~23 d的沼液碳氮元素含量最高,采用密闭静置方式并缩短贮藏时间可减少沼液贮藏过程氮元素的损失。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

废弃花卉秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的研究进展*

本文针对废弃花卉秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的研究及应用情况,以及应用过程中存在的问题及对策等方面进行了阐述,以探讨废弃花卉秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的可行性和工程应用前景,废弃花卉秸秆作为优质的沼气发酵原料,具有较大的开发利用价值,其沼气化利用在未来将是一个重要利用方式。     

土壤添加沼渣对温室气体排放及小麦生长的影响

Digestate, the product obtained after anaerobic digestion of organic waste for biogas production, is rich in plant nutrients and might be used to fertilize crops. Wheat(Triticum spp. L.) was fertilized with digestate, urea, or left unfertilized and cultivated in the greenhouse for 120 d. Emissions of greenhouse gasses(carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4), and nitrous oxide(N_2O)) were monitored and plant growth characteristics were determined at harvest. The digestate was characterized for heavy metals, pathogens, and C and N mineralization potential in an aerobic incubation experiment. No Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., or viable eggs of helminths were detected in the digested pig slurry, but the number of faecal coliforms was as high as 3.6 × 10~4colony-forming units(CFU) g-~(1)dry digestate. The concentrations of heavy metals did not surpass the upper limits established by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). After 28 d, 17% of the organic C(436 g kg~(-1)dry digestate) and 8% of the organic N(6.92 g kg~(-1)dry digestate)were mineralized. Emissions of CO_2 and CH_4 were not significantly affected by fertilization in the wheat-cultivated soil, but digestate significantly increased the cumulative N_2O emission by 5 times compared to the urea-amended soil and 63 times compared to the uncultivated unfertilized soil. It could be concluded that digestate was nutrient rich and low in heavy metals and pathogens, and did not affect emissions of CH_4 and CO_2 when applied to a soil cultivated with wheat, but increased emission of N_2O.     

臭氧氧化对奶牛场沼液中磷形态转化的影响

为了提高沼液磷的回收效果,研究了曝气种类和曝气条件对奶牛场沼液磷形态转化的影响。结果表明:在参考曝气条件下,与氮气和空气相比,臭氧能更大程度地降低颗粒态磷和交换态磷含量,并大幅度提升溶解性正磷酸盐含量。臭氧曝气的优选条件为沼液初始pH值为6、臭氧发生量为10 g·h~(-1)、氧化时间为60 min,曝气后沼液中溶解性正磷酸盐浓度提高了76.12%,溶解性正磷酸盐占总磷比例提升20.75%。臭氧氧化可以促进颗粒态磷和交换态磷向溶解性正磷酸盐转化,从而促进沼液磷的回收。     

菌剂挂膜3D-RBC联合BCO工艺处理养猪沼液废水

针对养猪沼液废水寡营养、高氨氮的水质特征，该研究采用耐高氨氮、适应贫营养生长的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（Heterotrophic Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification，以下简称HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘+生物接触氧化反应器（3D-RBC+BCO）组合工艺对沼液进行处理。该文研究了3D-RBC+BCO组合工艺在真实沼液条件下的启动过程及污染物去除效果，重点考察了溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen，DO）浓度和C/N比2个关键因素对组合工艺污染物去除效果的影响。同时，借助高通量测序技术对DO和C/N比优化过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律进行解析。结果表明：在真实沼液条件下，采用HN-AD菌剂挂膜启动方法，仅用12和18 d就分别完成3D-RBC和BCO反应器的挂膜启动，同时组合工艺对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在94.8%、95.7%和80.1%，出水优于城镇污水厂排放一级B标准。在对3D-RBC反应器DO和C/N比的优化过程中，增设底曝后COD、NH4+-N和TN等指标的去除率分别降低了25.4%、15.4%和15.5%。高通量测序结果显示，增加底曝后3D-RBC盘片生物膜中微生物菌属的数量小幅下降，但HN-AD优势菌属的种类与丰度显著降低，导致脱氮效率下降；贫营养型Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas菌属是3D-RBC可以对真实沼液高效脱氮的关键，提高C/N比会显著降低其丰度，进而影响脱氮效果。