张掖市百万头肉牛基地防疫模式的建立和推广

张掖市百万头肉牛基地建设工程是张掖市确立的十大工程之一,为了使工程建设确实取得实效,各级动物防疫部门就肉牛基动物防疫工作制定了“权责明确化,任务清晰化,工作规范化,信息网络化、运转高效化”的防疫模式.经过3年多的推广实施,全市百万头肉牛基地动物防疫工作取得显著成效,各种传染病发病率逐年下降,肉牛因病死亡率由1.8％下降...     

谈房屋结构设计中应引起注意的几个问题

本通过设计及施工的实践，着重阐述了结构设计中应该注意的问题。     

毛竹实生苗造林基肥种类比较研究

用复合肥、钾肥、磷肥及饼肥4种不同基肥进行毛竹实生苗造林试验,连续3年对其各项生长指标进行观测调查,结果表明:4种不同基肥对毛竹实生林生长均有明显的促进作用,其中第1年和第3年生长效应较弱,第2年效应明显,竹冠幅、地径、竹高等指标差异显著.主要生长指标均大于对照,不同基肥种类对毛竹生长的影响有较大差异,其中复合肥作用效果最好,钾肥作用效果最差.最后讨论了产生第3年后生长效应减弱的原因.     

对船艇部队码头基地防护林建设的几点思考

从6个方面分析论述了沿海防护林建设中存在的问题,呼吁性提出解决诸多不利于沿海防护林发展的建议。     

Using model scenarios to predict and evaluate forest-management impacts on soil base saturation at landscape level

Silviculture, forest conversion and technical tools of ecosystem management, such as forest liming, display their effects at the landscape level. Therefore their planning and control should take place at the same scale. The primary objective of this work was to assess soil chemical properties and their changes in relationship to ecosystem management, especially forest conversion and forest liming. We calculated scenario models, based on regression analysis, which allow such an examination in the context of understanding landscape processes which can be expected to operate in the sampling region. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to predict soil chemical attributes (base saturation, pH, C/N content and stock, exchangeable stocks of Ca and Mg) as indicators of site stability or off-site effects of forest ecosystems such as effects on clean drinking water from forested watersheds. Because of space limitations, in this paper only the modelling results of base saturation are presented. Base saturation was used as an integrative example for other soil chemical properties. The transformation of measurements to the regional scale, i.e., the regionalization, was calculated for the forested parts of two test regions in the Black Forest on the basis of measured chemical properties of 90–150 soil profiles per test region. The models have a spatial resolution of 50×50 m, which is a spatial scale relevant for forestry practice and forest management. Topographic variables (e.g., elevation, aspect, slope gradient, and slope length), the stratigraphic classification of the geologic substrate, stand characteristics from forest inventory data, and finally technical information about forest liming were the auxiliary variables (secondary site properties) that provided indirect information about base saturation and were available for the whole forested area of the test regions. Base saturation could be predicted with an accuracy of ~50–70% (in terms of the multiple R²) by using these properties as predictor variables in multiple linear regression analyses. The explained proportion of variance was unexpectedly high considering the high geomorphological heterogeneity of the two test regions. Based upon the regionalization models, it was possible to establish scenarios showing the landscape-related effects on base saturation that may be achieved by forest conversion towards a higher proportion of forests with broad-leaved mixed stands and by forest liming. These scenarios allow the interactions between several influencing factors and management strategies and the impacts on the target variable to be synoptically judged. Thus the presented regionalization models achieve the role of decision support tools for the planning of forest management at the landscape level. They allow an assessment of the environmental effects of forest management strategies in terms of site sustainability or preservation of water resources in forested catchments.     

不同径向间隙对离心泵动静干涉作用影响的数值模拟

通过改变蜗壳基圆直径改变叶轮与隔舌之间的间隙,采用SST模型对3个蜗壳基圆直径的离心泵全流道进行非定常数值模拟.3个蜗壳基圆直径分别为184、198和214 mm,其对应的间隙率为5.74％、13.79％和22.99％.通过非定常数值模拟获得了不同基圆直径离心泵的压力脉动特性、作用在叶轮上的径向力和扭矩特性,并对其进行比较分析.结果表明:不同测点的压力脉动、作用在叶轮上的径向力和扭矩呈周期波动,均以叶片通过频率为主;不同基圆直径泵叶轮上的径向力矢量图基本呈圆形分布;随着蜗壳基圆直径的增大,叶轮上的径向力先减小后增大,各测点压力脉动幅值逐渐减小,高频脉动也逐渐减少.同时针对蜗壳基圆直径为184 mm的泵进行数值模拟,并对该泵进行了性能试验,对比分析结果表明:数值模拟的结果是可信的.     

Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.     

Evaluation of elemental depletion weathering rate estimation methods on acid-sensitive soils of north-eastern Alberta, Canada

Immobile element-based weathering estimation methods assume that Zr (or Ti) is an immobile element, and that weathering rates of other elements can be estimated according to the enrichment of Zr in weathered horizons relative to an unweathered parent material. This approach was used to estimate base cation weathering rates for 33 soil profiles on acid-sensitive terrain in north-eastern Alberta. Zirconium generally showed enrichment within the rooting zone, but the deepest (subsoil) samples were not always associated with the lowest Zr concentrations. Weathering rates estimated with the Zr depletion and Pedological Mass Balance (PMB) methods were generally low (ranges: 0-51 and 0-58 mmol_c m^− 2 yr^− 1, respectively); however, low base cation oxide concentrations and heterogeneity within soil profiles complicated weathering rate calculations and net base cation gains were calculated for several (six) sites. Evaluation of the Zr depletion and PMB weathering estimates against those calculated with the process-oriented PROFILE model at a subset (n = 9) of the sites indicated the estimates were poorly related, with PROFILE rates typically being higher. The effects-based emissions management strategy for acid precursors in this region requires spatial coverage of soil properties (including weathering rates) across a large area, but the apparent limitations associated with the immobile element based methods in this region: identifying representative parent soils and deriving weathering rate estimates comparable to more robust methods are arguments against their candidacy for future use.