不同材料包膜氮肥氮素挥发特征及对油菜产量的影响

【目的】施用包膜缓/控释肥料是减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率的重要途径之一。新型有机-无机复合包膜氮肥具有缓释性能好、环境友好等优点。研究不同有机-无机复合包膜氮肥的气态氮损失特征,可为新型包膜缓/控释肥料的研发与应用提供科学依据。【方法】本研究以改性聚乙烯醇分别与无机材料硅藻土、沸石粉、生物质炭、磷矿粉、硫磺进行混合作为包膜材料制备包膜尿素(分别记作Ag、Af、Ac、Ap、As肥料),采用室内培养方法,以普通尿素为对照(CK),通过测定60 d内土壤的氨挥发速率和氮氧化物排放速率,揭示不同膜材料包膜氮肥施入土壤后的氨挥发和氮氧化物排放特征。并设计盆栽试验,研究施用不同包膜氮肥对油菜生长和产量影响。【结果】施肥后土壤氨挥发从培养的第1天开始出现,且不同包膜氮肥的氨挥发速率均在培养的第3—10天达到最大值,CK、Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料的最大氨挥发速率分别为1.132、0.373、0.508、0.696、0.347和0.304mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),各包膜肥料氨挥发峰值的出现时间迟于普通尿素,说明包膜肥料的包裹层可以有效地阻碍外界水分同其内部的尿素核心相接触,使尿素溶解时间延长,减缓尿素溶出速率。氨挥发速率呈现先快后趋于平稳的趋势。CK、Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料的氨挥发总量分别为104.0、88.2、93.4、95.6、81.9和79.4 mg,Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料氨挥发总量较普通尿素CK分别降低了15%、10%、8%、21%和23%。包膜肥料的氮氧化物排放特征与氨挥发相似,氮氧化物排放速率峰值与氨挥发相比明显后移。排放高峰期出现在第6—23天,CK、Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料的氮氧化物排放速率峰值分别为0.092、0.033、0.039、0.051、0.027和0.022 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),其氮氧化物排放总量分别为15.8、11.1、12.4、13.2、10.3和8.5 mg,包膜肥处理氮氧化物排放总量均低于普通尿素处理。各处理氨挥发占氮素气态损失总量的80%—90%。施用包膜肥料的油菜产量与普通尿素(CK)相比均有提高,提高量分别为47%(Ag)、37%(Af)、31%(Ac)、52%(Ap)、63%(As)。【结论】氨挥发是肥料氮素气态损失的主要形式,发生在施肥后的前两周。硅藻土、沸石粉、生物质炭、磷矿粉和硫磺与改性聚乙烯醇制备的包膜肥料对氨气和氮氧化物的排放具有抑制作用,能够提高油菜产量。     

鸭茅幼苗生长及形态对铝胁迫的响应

选取我国西南地区的鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)主栽品种‘德纳塔'、‘安巴'、‘宝兴'和‘牧友'为供试材料,研究酸性环境下不同梯度的铝离子(0,10,30,50和100μM)对鸭茅幼苗生长及形态的影响。结果表明:铝胁迫下,鸭茅枝条干重、根系干重、植株形态及根系伸长均受到显著抑制,且随着浓度的增加呈现出下降趋势;低浓度(10~30μM)铝离子处理对鸭茅生长造成的抑制较弱,对鸭茅植株的健康形态塑造没有造成影响;而高浓度(≥50μM)铝离子处理则对鸭茅植株根系伸长和植株形态造成严重的抑制,不利于植株后期的健康生长;供试鸭茅地下部根系积累铝的量要大于地上部枝条,且品种间存在一定差异,‘牧友'根系中铝含量最低,耐受性较强。表明鸭茅通过改变植株形态和调控自身积累铝的水平来应对酸性土壤中的铝离子胁迫,但是酸性铝离子环境对鸭茅早期生长仍具有一定的毒害作用,低浓度造成的影响较小,而高浓度则对鸭茅植株生长和形态塑造均造成不良的影响。     

Root growth enhancement by rhizospheric aluminum treatment in Quercus serrata Thunb. seedlings

This article discusses the effect of aluminum on root growth of Querucus serrata Thunb. In a 9-week hydroponics experiment, the effects of various concentrations (0 to 5.0 mM) of Al on root growth were examined. Results revealed that root biomass increases with the increase in Al concentration up to 2.5 mM, and then it tended to decrease. In the next experiment, the effects of H⁺ and Al³⁺ on roots were compared in a 4-week hydroponics experiment using three treatment solutions: control (pH 6.0), −Al (without Al, pH 3.5), and +Al (with 2.5 mM Al, pH 3.5). No clear difference in the biomass and root length between the control and −Al treated roots was observed, and root and shoot biomass were increased by Al treatment. These results confirmed that the H⁺ concentration level, at a pH of 3.5, is not toxic for Q. serrata and the Al-induced increase in root biomass is not caused by the amelioration of H⁺ toxicity by Al. In the third experiment, roots were exposed to an Al solution (pH 3.6) intermittently. This treatment clarified that Al stimulated rooting and root elongation. In the fourth experiment, the effect of 1 mM Al on root growth during a 15-month period in a sand culture were examined. This experiment confirmed that Al stimulated good growth and development of root systems at appropriate concentrations. Therefore, it is considered that Al-induced root growth enhancement occurs as a long-term and short-term phenomenon.     

Root parameters of forest trees as sensitive indicators of acidifying pollutants: a review of research of Japanese forest trees

The root parameters of forest trees can be indicators of a changing environment. We summarize the results of root studies with regard to the effects of acidifying pollutants, especially soil acidification and aluminum toxicity, on various root parameters of Japanese forest trees under experimentally controlled conditions. All root parameters such as biomass, morphology, nutritional status, and physiology can be regarded as indicators, because, under laboratory conditions, root responses occur prior to the responses in the aboveground parts. However, considering the conditions of forest sites, the nutritional status and physiological changes are better indicators of soil acidification and Al stress than the biomass and morphological response. The currently available data suggest that the most important indicator is the Ca/Al molar ratio in roots of Japanese tree species. In order to predict and detect the initial effects of soil acidification, we postulate that the specific root response to the Ca/Al molar ratio of tree roots should be considered as a parameter for use in long-term forest monitoring sites.     

Clay Addition to Sandy Soil——Influence of Clay Type and Size on Nutrient Availability in Sandy Soils Amended with Residues Differing in C/N ratio

Addition of clay-rich subsoil to sandy soil results in heterogeneous soil with clay peds(2-mm) or finely ground( 2 mm) clay soil(FG), which may affect the nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of clay soil particle size(FG or peds)and properties on nutrient availability and organic C binding in sandy soil after addition of residues with low(young kikuyu grass,KG) or high(faba bean, FB) C/N ratio. Two clay soils with high and low smectite percentage, clay and exchangeable Fe and Al were added to a sandy soil at a rate of 20%(weight/weight) either as FG or peds. Over 45 d, available N and P as well as microbial biomass N and P concentrations and cumulative respiration were greater in soils with residues of KG than FB. For soils with KG residues,clay addition increased available N and initial microbial biomass C and N concentrations, but decreased cumulative respiration and P availability compared to sandy soil without clay. Differences in measured parameters between clay type and size were inconsistent and varied with time except the increase in total organic C in the 53 μm fraction during the experiment, which was greater for soils with FG than with peds. We concluded that the high exchangeable Fe and Al concentrations in the low-smectite clay soil can compensate a lower clay concentration and proportion of smectite with respect to binding of organic matter and nutrients.     

浅析等离子体催化联合脱硝机理研究

主要描述了现有等离子体催化脱硝的机理和现有催化剂的种类，通过对脱硝机理的研究和催化剂的选择，发现了其中的一些具有较好的脱硝效果的催化剂如Al2 O3负载型催化剂、分子筛催化剂（ZSM －5）等，有的甚至能达到90％以上，针对研究中发现有些方面还是空白，提出了未来等离子体催化联合脱硝的研究方向。     

铋系氧化物在光催化技术中的研究进展

总结近年铋系列半导体光催化剂的制备、种类和光催化反应机理等的研究进展,并展望了铋系列半导体光催化剂未来的发展方向.     

不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。     

铝处理对不同种源喜树种子萌发特性的影响

以昆明,南京和贵阳3个种源的喜树种子作为试验材料,探讨了铝对不同种源喜树种子萌发特性的影响.结果表明:在未加铝的情况下,昆明种源种子发芽能力最好,各项发芽指标都显著优于其他2个种源,昆明种源在3个铝(AlCl3·6H2O)质量浓度处理下种子萌发都受到一定的抑制,在5.0 g·L-1质量浓度处理下胚根长、活力指数相对对照...