临安市主要农地土壤酸化特征及其改良技术探讨

全面了解浙江省临安市农地土壤酸化状况,为防治土壤酸化措施的制定提供依据,本研究结合耕地地力调查,系统地分析了全市不同利用类型农地土壤的酸化趋势与酸化特征。调查结果表明:在自然与人为活动的双重影响下,临安市农地土壤酸化十分明显,p H4.5的强酸性土壤和p H 4.5~5.4之间的酸性土壤的比例已分别占23.4%和46.6%,其中以茶树、蚕桑和雷竹产业带土壤的酸为最明显。与1982年调查比较,农地土壤p H普遍呈现下降趋势。分析认为,过量施肥和酸雨是引起该市农地土壤酸化的主要原因。为防控该市农地土壤的进一步酸化,笔者认为除做好合理施肥工作外,应借鉴国内外经验,从推广无机改良技术、有机改良技术、生物修复技术和施用生物质炭等多方面对农地土壤酸化进行控制与改良修复。     

大气氮沉降对森林土壤酸化的影响

因大气污染而不断增加的大气氮沉降量，在许多地区超过了森林生态系统的氮需求。氮在土壤中的化学和生物化学反应对H^ 离子的产生与消耗有重要影响。NH4^ 和NO3^-输入与输出的平衡状态影响着土壤－土壤溶液系统的酸化速率。过剩的氮沉降将加增NH4^ 的硝化和NO^-的淋失，加速土壤的酸化。土壤酸化对森林有危害作用。     

酸化处理抑制杨木APMP纸浆返黄的研究

用草酸、硫酸等对黑杨ＡＰＭＰ浆进行酸化处理，研究了酸化对黑杨ＡＰＭＰ浆的光致返黄和热致返黄的抑制作用并对其机理进行讨论。结果表明①酸化处理能提高ＡＰＭＰ浆的白度和白度稳定性。②各种酸对ＡＰＭＰ浆的返黄抑制作用不同；试验所用的酸中，草酸最优。     

热烫拉伸条件对乳扇拉伸性能和出品率的影响

本研究利用热处理的酸乳清对牛乳进行预酸化处理,研究不同热烫条件对乳扇热拉伸性和产量的影响,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,乳扇热烫拉伸最佳工艺条件为温度70℃、pH6.0,该条件下乳扇的拉伸性较好并且出品率较高（7.11%）。     

河北省果园土壤质量现状及演变分析

对河北省1 200个果园土壤质量的现状及变化原因进行了调查,结果表明:果园土壤有机质含量偏低,处于低等与缺乏水平的样本比例占71%;土壤磷积累较多,46%的样本果园处于丰富水平,丰富水平磷的含量是果园土壤磷环境临界值(50 mg/kg)的2.2～7.7倍,存在较大的环境风险;土壤钾相对不足,处于低等及缺乏的样本占58%以上;果园的土壤微量元素铁、铜含量丰富,锌、硼含量中等,锰、钼含量处于低水平,土壤有效铜含量超过丰富水平的样本占70%～90%,处于丰富水平样本的含量是丰富水平标准(1 mg/kg)的2～5倍,各种果园土壤铜最高含量是毒害临界值(15 mg/kg)的1～2倍;近20%被调查果园的土壤表现出酸化现象.调查结果表明,果园有机养分投入不足,氮磷肥的过量施用,钾肥投入相对不足,含铜杀菌剂的过量、频繁使用等是造成河北省果园土壤质量变化的主要原因.果园土壤培肥、氮磷面源污染、铜过量积累以及酸化问题是今后果园土壤质量研究的重要方面.     

The long-term effects of catchment liming and reduced sulphur deposition on forest soils and runoff chemistry in southwest Sweden

Whole catchment liming or forest liming has been proposed and implemented as a countermeasure to the effects of elevated sulphur deposition. Since the end of the 1980s the Swedish Forest Agency has undertaken experimental forest liming experiments in selected catchments in southern Sweden. These studies were with low doses (3 tonnes ha⁻¹) of lime (CaCO₃) and dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂). Data from both soil samples and stream water samples have been collected for the 16 years following treatment. The stream data has been complemented with data from untreated catchments, from the Swedish monitoring stream network. Significant differences due to treatment were seen for Ca, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) in the humus layer, none of these variables showed a statistically significant change in the mineral soil due to treatment alone. Soil samples from both the treated and untreated sites showed temporal changes in both the humus layer and the mineral soils with increases in pH, Ca and CEC and decreases in BS and Al which were independent of treatment. A combination of treatment and time, gave significant changes in BS and TA down to 10 cm in the mineral soil. In the stream water samples no statistically significant differences were observed between treated and untreated sites. Regardless of treatment, the streams exhibited a general pattern of declining concentrations of SO₄, Ca, sum of base cations (BC) and increasing acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). In summary, the application of a low dose of lime (3 tonnes ha⁻¹) did not result in significant changes in surface water chemistry in the study catchments and changes in soil chemistry were mainly restricted to the humus layer during the 16 years following treatment. The natural recovery, as a result of reductions in sulphur deposition, dominated the effects and was clearly seen in both the treated and untreated study sites. MAGIC simulations indicate that this recovery will continue in the coming decades.     

酸性硫酸盐土酸消长的水动力机制研究

以不同土壤湿度、不同干湿交替周期和原状土自然风干 8个处理进行酸性硫酸盐土 (简称ASS)室内模拟实验。通过对模拟过程内土壤pH、总硫化物性酸度和未氧化双氧水可氧化硫、交换性酸度、硫派生的实际酸度、KCl可提取硫等指标的动态变化过程的跟踪测定和分析显示 ,土壤水分条件是制约ASS酸度及酸形态转化的重要动力机制 ,可导致ASS酸度和酸形态的有规律变化。ASS产酸量和洗酸量受干湿交替周期制约     

How important is N2O production in removing atmospherically deposited nitrogen from UK moorland catchments?

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching due to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is an environmental problem in many parts of the UK uplands, associated with surface water acidification and affecting lake nutrient balances. It is often assumed that gaseous return of deposited N to the atmosphere as N₂O through denitrification may provide an important sink for N. This assumption was tested for four moorland catchments (Allt a’Mharcaidh in the Cairngorms, Afon Gwy in mid-Wales, Scoat Tarn in the English Lake District and River Etherow in the southern Pennines), covering gradients of atmospheric N deposition and surface water NO₃⁻ leaching, through a combination of field and laboratory experiments. Field measurements of N₂O fluxes from static chambers with and without additions of NH₄NO₃ solution were carried out every 4 weeks over 1 yr. Wetted soil cores from the same field plots were used in experimental laboratory incubations at 5 and 15 °C with and without additions of NH₄NO₃ solution, followed by measurement of N₂O fluxes. Field measurements showed that significant N₂O fluxes occurred in only a very small number of plots with most showing zero values for much of the year. The maximum fluxes were 0.24 kg-N/ha/yr from unamended plots at the River Etherow and 0.49 kg-N/ha/yr from plots with NH₄NO₃ additions at the Allt a’Mharcaidh. Laboratory incubation experiments demonstrated that large N₂O fluxes could be induced by warming and NH₄NO₃ additions, with the top 5 cm of soil cores responsible for the largest fluxes, reaching 11.8 kg-N/ha/yr from a podsol at Scoat Tarn. Acetylene block experiments showed that while N₂ was not likely to be a significant denitrification product in these soils, reduced N₂O fluxes indicated that nitrification was an important source of N₂O in many cases. A simple model of denitrification suggesting that 10-80% of net N inputs may be denitrified from non-agricultural soils was found to greatly over-estimate fluxes in the UK uplands. The proportion of deposition denitrified was found to be much closer to the IPCC suggested value of 1% with an upper limit of 10%. Interception of N deposition by vegetation may greatly reduce the net supply of N from this source, while soil acidification or other factors limiting carbon supply to soil microbes may prevent large denitrification fluxes even where NO₃⁻ supply is not limiting.     

Modelling the response of terrestrial ecosystems to acidification and desiccation scenarios

Changes in vegetation are often caused by changes in abiotic site factors, such as pH, nitrogen availability and soil moisture. It has been recognized that abiotic site factors are affected by atmospheric deposition and groundwater-table changes. In order to evaluate the effects of eutrophication, acidification and desiccation on site factors, the model SMART2 has been developed. For the Netherlands combinations of two acidification and two seepage scenarios (1990–2050) were evaluated with SMART2. The results are focused on pH, nitrogen availability and base saturation. Calculations were made for combinations of five vegetation structures on seven soil types and the five groundwater-table classes, using a 1 km² grid. Results showed that deposition reductions lead to a relatively fast improvement of the site factors, increase in pH and base saturation and decrease in N availability. Whereas a reduction in groundwater abstractions of 25% has little or no effect on the pH and N availability.     

不同酸性物质对石灰性土壤的酸化效果研究

采用室内模拟试验研究了酸性物质对石灰性土壤的酸化效果。结果表明,磷酸能有效地降低石灰性土壤的pH,要使土壤pH由8.89降至6.0左右,最佳酸用量为3.27g/100g土。对于pH较高的石灰性土壤,只用低pH(pH=5.5)的酸水溶液在短时间内降低土壤pH是不切实际的。磷酸二氢铵不仅具有很好的酸化效果,且具有很好的缓冲性能,每100g土壤加入2.3g磷酸二氢铵可使石灰性土壤pH从8.89降低到6.39,并能维持较长的酸性环境。施用5%的硫磺可在30d内使土壤pH降低到7.0～7.5之间。