不同根系分泌物对土壤N2O排放及同位素特征值的影响

【目的】探究植物根系分泌的主要组分（有机酸、氨基酸、糖类）对土壤N₂O排放及其微生物过程的影响,为选择适宜的植物进而控制土壤N₂O排放提供支撑。【方法】通过室内试验分别添加草酸、丝氨酸、葡萄糖于土壤中模拟根系的3种主要分泌物,每种分泌物设置两个浓度水平：低浓度（150 μg C·d ^-1）和高浓度（300 μg C·d ^-1）,另设置添加蒸馏水的对照组,共7个处理。将土壤置于120 mL玻璃瓶中进行培养,24 h内采集气体样品7次,每次培养2 h,获取N₂O排放速率、日累积排放量和同位素特征值（δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP（site preference,SP=δ ¹⁵N ^α-δ ¹⁵N ^β））。【结果】添加3种根系分泌物组分后,土壤N₂O排放速率均逐渐升高,且均高于对照。高浓度处理组N₂O累积排放量为：葡萄糖（（3.2±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（2.6±0.5）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>草酸（（1.4±0.2）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理,低浓度处理组为：草酸（（2.7±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（1.8±0.4）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>葡萄糖（（1.6±0.8）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理;添加根系分泌物的不同处理间土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值无明显差异,并稳定在24.1‰—25.6‰,且均显著高于对照（（20.1±1.5）‰）;土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值与添加根系分泌物的种类有关,其中草酸处理组为（-20.06±2.22）‰、丝氨酸处理组为（-22.33±1.10）‰、葡萄糖处理组为（-13.86±1.11）‰、对照组为（-23.14±3.72）‰。各处理土壤N₂O的SP值的变化范围为13.13‰—15.03‰,根系分泌物浓度越高,SP值越低。综合分析不同处理4个指标（N₂O排放速率、N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP值）的不同时刻的检测值与日均值的校正系数,添加根系分泌物后第16小时各处理4个指标的校正系数最接近于1。【结论】在NH+ 4-300 mg N·kg ^-1的土壤环境下根系分泌物促进N₂O的排放,且在培养期间（24 h）土壤N₂O排放速率逐渐升高。高浓度处理组葡萄糖对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强,低浓度处理组草酸对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强。与对照组相比,根系分泌物的添加使N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值显著升高;与对照组相比,葡萄糖的添加使δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值显著升高。根系分泌物浓度越高,反硝化作用对N₂O的贡献越大。     

酸性土壤中的硝化作用研究进展

硝化作用是土壤中重要的化学过程,土壤类型、pH、水分、氧的浓度、利用方式和温度等因素都对其有重要影响,其中最关键的2个因子是pH与N的有效性;硝化作用在酸性土壤中表现得更加强烈,而主要的影响因子及作用机理却一直未被证实;有机质显著地影响着土壤的物理化学性质,腐殖酸也对氮素的转化过程影响显著,它们对酸性土壤中硝化作用的影响值得深入研究探讨。     

不同浓度NH_3对富营养化湖泊水体硝化作用的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度非离子态氨（NH3）条件下富营养化湖泊——太湖梅粱湾水体硝化作用的2个过程,即氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化的发生情况。结果表明,在试验设计的NH3浓度范围内,颗粒态氨氧化和自由态氨氧化速率都随着NH3浓度的升高而显著增加,同时在高浓度NH3（0.65和0.85mg/L）下,颗粒态氨氧化速率在总氨氧化速率中所占比例也显著增加。而亚硝酸盐氧化过程的发生却具有明显的阶段性,当NH3浓度从0.05增加到0.15mg/L时,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率有一定的降低,但是颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率却显著增加,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率也显著上升;当NH3浓度从0.15增加到0.85mg/L,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率随着NH3浓度的升高而进一步降低,同时颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率也随着NH3浓度的增加开始显著降低,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率急剧降低。     

添加水对半干旱区沙质草地土壤氮有效性季节变化的影响(英文)

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water (80 mm) was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition (W) treatment and control (CK) treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots (4 m×4 m for each) with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net nitrogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5 μg·g-1·month-1 to 4 μg·g-1·month-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited "V" shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N (ascending trend) and nitrate-N transformation (descending trend).     

林地覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤氮素形态及硝化-反硝化作用的影响

为探讨林地覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤氮素形态和硝化作用、反硝化作用的影响,选择了覆盖11、3、5 a和不覆盖(CK)4种处理的雷竹林,测定0 20 cm土层土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,并采用气压过程分离系统(BaPS)测定土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率。结果表明:随着覆盖年限的增加,试验雷竹林0 20 cm土层土壤全氮含量总体呈增加趋势,覆盖雷竹林全氮含量显著高于CK;土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均呈倒"N"型变化,覆盖3 a雷竹林的铵态氮和硝态氮含量最高;土壤铵硝比递增,覆盖3 a后显著提高,覆盖5 a后铵态氮是雷竹林土壤无机氮库的主要存在形式;土壤总硝化速率呈下降趋势,总体上与不同形态氮素含量、铵硝比相关性不显著,且相关性强度随覆盖经营年限的增加而减弱。土壤反硝化速率在覆盖3 a及以下年限时基本为0,覆盖5 a时显著提高,达69.53 μg·kg^-1·h^-1。研究表明,林地覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤氮素形态及组分比例的影响较明显,削弱了土壤硝化作用,土壤氮素不是限制硝化作用进行的主要因子,长期覆盖经营会显著提高土壤反硝化作用,增大土壤氮素的损失。在实际生产中建议采用休闲式覆盖方式,连续覆盖时间不超过3 a。     

硝化抑制剂与硫磺对三种水稻土旱作条件下尿素肥料硝化作用的影响

本文对加入硝化抑制剂和硫磺的尿素肥料在我国三种水稻土旱作条件下的氮肥硝化作用过程进行研究。研究表明尿素中单加硝化抑制剂对三种供试水稻土旱作条件下的氮肥硝化作用均有抑制,但抑制的强度与土壤类型有较大关系;而尿素中同时加入硝化抑制剂与硫磺在pH为5. 16的红壤和pH 6. 05黄泥土上都表现出对氮肥硝化过程的抑制作用;硫磺对pH为7. 06的乌珊土上的硝化过程无抑制作用。本试验研究可为硝化抑制剂肥料和硫包尿素肥料的设计与使用提供一定的基础资料。     

水稻根际氮素状况及其利用

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with hybrid rice(Oryza Sativa L.) in order to study N Status and utilization in the rhizosphere of rice,The experiment was composed of three treatments:without N,15NH4-N and 15NO3-N .Plant roots were separated from the soil by a nylon cloth,and 1 mm increments of soil,moving laterally away from the roots,were taken and analyzed for various N froms.The labelled N in the plants ranged from 67\51%to 69.24% of the total amount of N absorbed by the rice seedlings with the labelled fertilizer N treatments.This shows that the N in the Plants came mainly from the fertilizers.However,the N absorbed by the rice seedlings accounted for less than 35% of the total amount of the N depletion in the soil near the rice roots,indicating an important N loss in the rhizosphere of rice.The soil redox potential(all treatments)and the concentration of the labelled NO3-N(the labelled NH4-N treatment only) decreased as the distance from the rice roots increased in the rhizosphere of rice.In contrast,the concentration of the labelled NH4-N increased as the distance uincreased in the same soil zone.These results suggested that nifrification occurred in the soil around the rice roots.Therefore,the reason for the N loss in the rhizosphere of rice might be the NO3 movement into the reductive non-rhizosphere soil(submerged) where denitrification can take place.     

液体培养研究不同土壤中硝化活性

A red soil, a fluvo-aquic soil and a permeable paddy soil were used in a long-term investigation to study changes in nitrification with treatments: 1) soil incubation, 2) liquid incubation inoculated with soil samples, and 3) liquid incubation inoculated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) from the soils. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in nitrification rates among the three soils when measured for 28 days by adding (NH4)2SO4 at the rate of 154 mg N kg-1 dry soil to fresh soil. However, the amounts of nitrifying bacteria in the three soils were not related to soil nitrification capacity. When the soil samples or the isolates of AOB enriched from the corresponding soil were incubated in liquid with pH 5.8, 7.0 and 8.0 buffers and 10 mmol L-1 ammonium nitrogen, there were no significant nitrification differences in the same soil type at each pH. The ability to oxidize ammonia through AOB from different types of soils in a homogeneous culture medium was similar, and the soil nitrification capacity could reflect the inherent properties of a soil. Altering the culture medium pH of individual soil type also showed that acidification of an alkaline fluvo-aquic soil decreased nitrification capacity, whereas alkalinization of the acidic red soil and permeable paddy soil increased their nitrification. For a better insight into factors influencing soil nitrification processes, soil properties including texture and clay composition should be considered.     

菜地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的特征

采用培养试验对南京郊区 6 对菜地土和水稻土的土壤 N 素矿化和硝化作用特征进行了研究。菜地土为相同类型水稻土改种蔬菜约 20 年的土壤。结果表明,培养 28 天期间,6 对供试土壤中有 4 对土壤都是菜地土壤矿化 N 量低于相同类型水稻土,其日矿化速率也低于相应的水稻土,而其他 2 对供试土壤之间无明显差异。大多数菜地土的土壤硝化率低于相应的水稻土。培养28 天时的矿化率和硝化率与土壤 pH、速效 P 呈显著相关。     

土地利用方式对宁夏平原土壤氮素含量及其硝化作用的影响

为了探讨土地利用方式对宁夏平原土壤不同形态氮素含量及其转化作用的影响,对蔬菜地、葡萄地、枸杞地、玉米地、水稻地、小麦地6种土地利用方式下土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、有机氮、无机氮含量及硝化潜势和硝化活性进行比较。结果表明:0～20 cm土层,蔬菜地土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机氮含量均高于葡萄地、枸杞地、玉米地、水稻地、小麦地,土壤硝态氮含量大小依次排序为蔬菜地玉米地枸杞地水稻地葡萄地小麦地,蔬菜地土壤铵态氮含量是其他土地利用方式的1.2～1.6倍,土壤无机氮含量大小依次排序为蔬菜地玉米地枸杞地水稻地葡萄地小麦地,水稻地土壤有机氮含量高于其他5种土地利用方式,蔬菜地土壤硝化潜势和硝化活性高于其他5种土地利用方式。20～40 cm土层,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、无机氮和有机氮含量均以葡萄地最高,小麦地土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、无机氮含量均低于其他5种土地利用方式,水稻地土壤硝化潜势显著高于其他5种土地利用方式。