稻田优化施肥效果与氮、磷环境效益评价

【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005—2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取不施肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT)3个处理,对比分析了早、中、晚稻OPT较FP处理的增产效果与氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力的优势;通过筛选OPT处理产量或/和氮肥偏生产力前25%的试验点,建立高产、高效和高产高效3种方案,结合氮肥用量与氮素损失(N2O的排放、N的径流与淋失、NH3挥发)之间的经验模型,评估稻田节氮减排潜力;通过计算早、中、晚稻磷素表观平衡,分析稻田磷素残留状况;并引入湖南省早、中、晚稻种植面积,估算区域稻田氮、磷的环境效益。【结果】多年多点田间试验研究表明,与CK处理相比,FP和OPT处理分别可增产41.9%和52.0%(早、中、晚稻的平均值);与FP处理相比,OPT处理早、中、晚稻可增产7.0%—8.3%,氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高16.8%—19.6%和5.5%—37.3%,而OPT处理钾肥用量的提高对钾肥偏生产力的负效应较小(早、中、晚稻平均降幅为6.4%)。节氮减排评估结果表明,高产组产量高而氮肥用量相对较高,高效组氮肥偏生产力高而产量相对较低,用高产高效组表征产量和氮肥偏生产力的潜力更可靠;高产高效组早、中、晚稻每年可节省氮肥用量共81 kg·hm~(-2)(其中晚稻最多,为32 kg N·hm~(-2)),减少氮素损失15.5 kg N·hm~(-2),温室气体N2O减排约20%。湖南省稻田节氮总潜力为12.5×10~4 t,减少氮素损失2.35×10~4 t,主要对象为早稻和晚稻。优化施肥可提水稻的磷素总吸收量,早、中、晚稻从FP处理的59—66 kg P2O5·hm~(-2)增加到OPT处理的63—71 kg P2O5·hm~(-2)。磷肥用量与水稻磷素吸收量之间的关系显示,两者并不能达到显著的正向相关关系,说明当磷肥投入总量满足作物需求后,多余的磷素对当季作物磷素吸收无效,从而残留在土壤中;早、中、晚稻分别有46%、44%和15%的样本出现磷残留现象,通过筛选并分析磷残留样本得出,早、中、晚稻OPT处理磷残留比例明显低于FP处理,且磷残留量分别可降低到1.36—5.30 kg P2O5·hm~(-2),较FP处理下降了33.7%—48.5%;从全省范围来看,磷残留总量可减少18.14×10~3、3.59×10~3和5.30×10~3 t;另一方面,农民习惯施肥中,仍有不施磷肥的现象,这对土壤养分的耗竭影响较大,应重视平衡施肥。【结论】稻田优化施肥是产量和环境安全的重要保障,氮肥减量施用可提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失和温室气体的排放,控制磷肥总量可有效地避免土壤磷素残留带来的污染风险。     

红壤地油菜上施用的尿素态氮的去向及尿素在提高油菜产量中的效率

Fate of urea nitrogen(N) applied to rape grown on a red soil was investigated by the 15N mass balance technique.and efficiency of urea and effect of nutrients balance in raising rape yield were investigated in a field plot experiment.One hundred and thirty -eight kg N/ha,86kg N/ha as basal dressing and 52 kg N/ha as top dressing,was applied with band application technique.The experiment was conducted in the southeast of china ,near Yingtan City,Jianxi Province.Results from 15N mass balance study showed that when urea urea was applied as basal dressing the plant recovery was 44.0% of the applied N for Treatment T (with application of N,P,K,B and lime),Plant recoveries were 38.0%-40.5% for Treatments-K,-B-lime and RS(without application of K,B or lime as well as with additional rice straw compared with Teatment T),which were not significantly different from Treatment T.In contrast ,plant recovery was only 5.1% for Treatment-P(without application of P), indicating that P was the factor limiting N uptake by rape.However,N remaining in 0-0.30 m soil was high up to 71.6% for Treatment-P,while the corresponding data were 33.0%-42.6% for the other treatments.The total recovery of applied N(including plant recovery and N remaining in 0-0.60 m soil) was 91.5% for Treatment T when urea was applied as basal dressing,while almost all the applied N was recovered when ureawas applied as top drssing,It was suggested that N loss was greatly controlled by using band application method in this experiment.Results from the field plot experiment field plot experiment showed that N supply capacity of this red soil was very low,and the efficiency of the applied N was quite high,7.1kg rape seed was increased by application of one kg N for Treatment T.Nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors limiting rape yield,and the yield was very low when neither of them was applied.The yield in Treatment-K was significantly lower than that in Treatment T,With the former accounting for 77% of the later.     

黄泛区潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮去向

在田间条件下,用~(15)N标记的微区试验法研究了潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮的去向。结果表明:土壤中尿素水解后,主要进行硝化和生物固定,而被粘土矿物固定的量很少;小麦返青后,随着气温上升,生物固定的标记氮不断分解,其量可达总生物固定量的60％。作为基肥条施的尿素,其损失略高于作返青肥或拔节肥表施后随即灌水的处理。氮素损失主要发生在春季气温回升后的生长期间,当季的淋洗损失极微。在较为适宜的用量和施用技术下,化肥氮的损失仍达33—45％,其中以碳酸氢铵为最高,次为硫酸铵和硝酸铵,而尿素和硝酸铵中的硝态氮损失最低。     

Ammonia Volatilization from Urea Applied to Acid Paddy Soil in Southern China and Its Control

Results showed that ammonia loss from urea broadcast into floodwater and incorporated into soil at transplanting was as high as 40% of applied N,and the corresponding total nitrogen (N) loss was 56%.Ammonia loss was measured with simplified micrometeorological method (ammonia sampler),and total N loss was concurrently measured using ^15N balance technique.The experiment was conducted under strong sunshine conditions on acid paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay.The ammonia loss in this particular condition was much greater than those obtained from previous studies when urea was also applied to acid paddy soil but under cloudy conditions.It is concluded that the strong sunshine conditions with high temperature and shallow floodwater during the period of present experiment favoured ammonia volatilization.Application of stearyl alcohol on the surface of the floodwater reduced ammonia loss to 23% of applied N.However,the effect of stearyl alcohol was short-lived,probably due to the microbiological decomposition.     

马唐牧草红壤氮肥的氨挥发、径流和淋溶损失

探讨了我国南方红壤上种植牧草马唐施不同量氮肥,施氮量与土壤氨挥发、径流和1 m深土壤淋溶损失氮量的关系。结果表明,在施用N 90、160、230 kg hm-2尿素处理下,土壤氨挥发损失量分别为N0.67、1.24和5.16 kg hm-2,分别占施氮量的0.74%0、.77%和2.24%,土壤氨挥发损失量(y)与施氮量(x)呈指数递增关系:y=0.156 3e0.014 6x;径流氮素损失量分别为N 1.05、0.88和1.01 kg hm-2,分别占施氮量的1.17%、0.55%和0.44%,径流损失的氮量与施氮量之间无明显相关性;淋溶损失总氮量为2.05、2.86和4.09kg hm-2,分别占施氮量的0.91%、1.02%和1.24%,土壤淋溶损失总氮量(y)与施氮量(x)呈线性递增关系:y=0.012 2x 1.087 7。     

江苏句容水库农业流域农田土壤反硝化作用的研究

2008年6月、8月、12月和2009年3月,在江苏句容水库农业流域采集农田原状土壤样品,使用乙炔抑制实验室培养法测定土壤的反硝化速率,同时测定土壤的含水率、铵态氮（NH2-N）和硝态氮（NO_3-N）的含量,研究农田土壤反硝化速率变化、影响因素及其对流域氮损失的贡献。结果显示,旱地土壤反硝化速率范围在0．13-51．96kgN·hm^-2a^-1之间,水田土壤的反硝化速率范围在3．16-12．29kgN·hm^-2a^-1之间。相关分析表明,反硝化速率与土壤硝态氮（NO_3-N）浓度、铵态氮（NH2-N）浓度之间不具有显著相关关系;在12月和3月,反硝化速率与土壤含水率之间有显著相关关系,其他月份无显著相关关系。流域内农田土壤反硝化损失的总氮量为31．93tN·a^-1低于流域施氮总量的3．19％,可见,反硝化作用不是该流域氮损失的主要途径。     

稻田土壤氮素损失及环境污染的控制对策

文章从管理实践角度综述了氨挥发、反硝化及渗漏损失控制对策的研究进展:应用含钙镁钾的氯化物或硝酸盐、脲酶和藻类抑制剂、改性尿素与缓释肥及深施氮肥可降低氨挥发损失;使用硝化抑制剂、缓释肥、含高多酚高蛋白的植物残体及深施氮肥可以降低反硝化损失;增加水分利用率、使用缓释肥和硝化抑制剂、粘闭土壤层、种植捕获和地表覆盖作物、利用作物原地截流可以降低渗漏损失.另外在水稻种植上使用促进植物生长的微生物,通过促进水稻的吸收减少施氮量,是降低氮素对环境污染的有效策略.     

~(15)N示踪-质谱计法直接定量稻田土壤反硝化作用氮素损失的可行性研究

采用自行设计的气样前处理装置 ,包括进样口、还原铜管、高效脱氧管和液氮冷阱 ,建立了1 5N示踪 质谱计法直接测定反硝化作用气态氮素损失 (N2 +N2 O)的方法。测得空气中N2 的1 5N自然丰度平均为 0 36 5 9% (理论值为 0 36 6 0 % )、绝对误差的平均值为 0 0 0 0 2 %、C V %为 0 0 9% ,与质谱计的设计精度完全吻合 ;不同气样1 5N丰度测定的C V %在 0 0 3%～ 1 0 8%之间 ,反硝化作用源丰度测定的C V %在 1 2 2 %～ 5 2 1 %之间 ,表明本研究所用的前处理装置对气样中O2 、CO2 及H2 O等杂质气态的清除是十分有效的。另一方面 ,由于1 5N损失的计算是以1 5N原子百分超为基础的 ,计算结果表明 ,当气样的1 5N原子百分超小于 0 0 1 4% (相应的1 5N丰度为 0 380 % )时 ,测得的1 5N损失的C V %有可能大于 5 % ,为此建议气样1 5N丰度最好能大于 0 380 % ,以确保测定结果的精确度。     

针叶林施肥及减少氮损失的途径

<正> 在近15—20年不同组成和树龄级的林内施用无机肥的实践证明,通过施肥,首先是氮肥,是能够提高林地生产力的。如在白俄罗斯的近熟和成熟的针叶林内,每公顷施氮肥150—200公斤,年生长量提高15—30%,5—6年,每公顷可增长干材15—20m~3。但是,氮肥的利用率不高,仅占50—70%。肥效不高的主要原因是施肥方法、时间和施肥量不当,忽视了复杂的农业气象条件。因     

鸡内源氮损失量与内源能排出量相关性分析

用 3 2只 40 0日龄海兰褐父母代种公鸡来研究鸡内源排泄物中内源氮损失量与内源能排出量的相关性。结果为 :鸡内源氮损失量和内源能排出量之间呈现出强相关关系 ,相关系数r=0 .97(P <0 .0 1) ,二者的直线回归方程为 :Y =2 1.0 2 + 3 6.2 1x ,回归系数b =3 6.2 1KJ/ g。表明内源排泄物中代谢粪氮的能值与尿的能值不同 ,粪中氮的能值高于尿中氮的能值。用内源排泄物中氮的能值代替尿的能值进行代谢能的校正更为合理