大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化。为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法。群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明,model-1模型和model-2模型在相同流速条件下的形态变化趋势基本一致;model-1的阻力计算结果相较于model-2更接近于物理模型试验结果,model-2的计算结果存在16%~26%的相对误差;两种数值模型的网口垂直扩张和水平扩张的计算结果与物理模型试验结果相近,最大相对误差仅5%~10%。数值模拟较好地呈现了大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的状态,可以在一定程度上代替传统的水槽模型试验,为拖网渔具设计和优化提供一种可供选择的数值分析方法。     

Cuticular protein gene LmACP8 is involved in wing morphogenesis in the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria

Cuticular proteins(CPs) are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings, although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied. In the present study, a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria, which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein RR consensus(CPR) chitin-binding proteins. LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings. Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein, which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L. migratoria. We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings. LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E) in vivo, however, its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39. Thus, the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.     

基于恒压变流控制的变量喷雾试验研究

针对变量喷雾过程中引起压力变化的问题,为研究其中压力稳定性现象,利用PID恒压控制和PWM变流控制相结合的方法,建立了恒压变流喷雾试验台。在试验台上进行恒压控制试验、喷雾角测量和雾量分布测量试验,从而验证所搭建的恒压变流喷雾装置的恒压稳定性。结果表明:在喷雾流量发生变化时,试验装置能使喷头的喷雾角和雾量分布稳定在固定范围内。     

水流冲击多段滞留气团的三维数值模拟

针对水气两相瞬变现象,充分考虑了水体弹性、气体可压缩性、水-气交界面的动态运动以及多段气团间相互作用,采用三维CFD方法对起伏管道内含多段滞留气团的水气两相作用进行建模和模拟,选择Standard k-ε湍流模型进行模拟研究,将三维计算结果、现有一维模型计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析,并通过水气两相分布图展现动态变化过程.结果表明:与一维模型相比,三维CFD模型能够更为准确地模拟起伏管道内瞬变压力波动,并且能够清楚描述水气掺混、耦合的动态变化.水流冲击初始两段滞留气团压力波动曲线显示,多气团间的瞬变压力并非同步变化,可能呈现多气团峰值压力交替出现的情况,这与初始气团长度密切相关.水气交界面自由变化,阻断水体长度时刻发生变化,当水体运动到管道弯曲处时会产生新的阻断水体,将气团分成若干部分.     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

油茶皂苷的制备及提纯工艺研究

为研究油茶皂苷的制备及提纯工艺,为中试化生产提供科学的技术支撑,通过正交试验得到最佳工艺为乙醇体积分数75%,料液比1∶2,提取时间120 min,提取温度60℃,得到纯度为55.65%的油茶皂苷粗品,得率16.12%。油茶皂苷粗品配置成质量分数3%水溶液,加入10%体积的1%壳聚糖絮凝剂絮,经凝沉、淀除去杂质,澄清液经AB-8型大孔树脂吸附90 min,用质量分数2%氢氧化钠溶液洗脱杂质,再用体积分数70%乙醇溶液洗脱油茶皂苷,将洗脱液旋转蒸发,除去乙醇并烘干,即得到纯度85.36%的油茶皂苷。     

基于距离相关系数和KNN回归模型的森林蓄积量估测研究

【目的】探究Landsat8 OLI数据和KNN算法在森林蓄积量估测中的潜力。【方法】以湖南省湘潭县为研究区,采用Landsat8 OLI数据和同时期的二类调查数据,通过距离相关系数筛选特征,分别采用线性回归模型(MLR)、K-近邻模型(KNN)、距离加权KNN模型(DW-KNN)和优化欧式KNN模型(FW-KNN)对森林蓄积量进行估测。使用十折交叉方法进行精度检验,对检验结果进行对比分析。【结果】3种KNN模型的估测结果均高于传统的线性模型,并且在3种KNN模型中,FW-KNN算法效果最好,决定系数达到0.69,为3种模型中最高;3种KNN模型中,本研究优化欧氏距离KNN模型的估测精度最高,其均方根误差为30.3%,相比于传统KNN模型的均方根误差降低了5.1%,相比于DW-KNN模型降低了3.3%。【结论】采用DW-KNN蓄积量估测结果明显优于其他两种模型,说明通过特征与蓄积量的相关性优化样本间的距离是一种可行的KNN优化方法。     

叶片角度对输水泵站泵装置水力性能影响分析

为研究输水泵站泵装置水力性能受叶片角度变化的影响,采用CFD方法模拟全流道泵装置水力性能,分析设计流量工况下叶片角度变化对进水流道、出水流道流动及叶轮内部流动特性和水力性能的影响.结果表明:在设计流量工况下,叶片角度偏离设计工况角度,叶轮进口近轮毂区存在回流、脱流;叶片角度偏离设计工况角度越大,进水流道、出水流道内水流流态越差,水力损失越大.当叶片角度调节为-8°工况时,与叶片角度-0°工况比较,进水流道和出水流道水力损失相对值最大,分别为1.28和2.89.即叶片同等偏离角度下,出水流道水力损失增大幅度较进水流道更加明显.对比数值模拟结果与模型试验结果得出,在设计流量工况,叶片角度为0°时,扬程相对误差为1.2%,效率相对误差为2.1%,两者吻合较好.     

征地拆迁、整建制转居与农民财产权 ——基于北京市大兴区北程庄村的调查与思考

对北京市大兴区北程庄村的土地征占、整建制转居和集体经济产权制度改革进行调研发现，乡村在快速城市化进程中的核心问题是维护和发展农民的财产权利。建议从根本上改变现行的征地思维和征地制度，保障两种土地公有制的平等地位；落实户籍制度改革，全面取消农转居政策；实行集体土地与国有土地同样可以开发建设城市的政策制度；及时撤销“三无村”或“空壳村”的村委会建制，完善撤制乡村集体资产处置办法。     

基于DEM仿真与试验验证的双轴螺旋输送机结构优化分析

针对螺旋输送机的输送效率问题,对双轴螺旋输送机输送颗粒物料的过程进行离散元法数值计算,并与单轴螺旋输送机输送物料的试验和模拟结果进行对比。在试验验证了仿真模型和参数正确的基础上,对双轴螺旋输送机的轴距和螺距2个参数与质量流速率(■)间的定量关系进行二元二次多项式拟合,得到拟合优度R~2=0.964 6的回归方程。研究结果表明:1)双轴的相对转动方向对■没有影响;2)螺距和轴距对■均有明显影响。■随着轴距的增大显著增大,大螺距时会在达到极值后趋于稳定或略有下降;■随着螺距的增大先增大至峰值后下降;3)双轴的螺距和轴距对颗粒运动影响显著。两轴中间位置颗粒的最小轴向平动速度与轴距呈现近似线性的递减关系,且螺距越大,其减小趋势越明显。