生物炭对噻虫胺在土壤中吸附和降解的影响

为探究由不同热解温度和原材料制备的生物炭对噻虫胺在黑土中吸附和降解的影响,以玉米秸秆和猪粪为原材料,分别在300、500℃和700℃下限氧热解制备了六种生物炭,并将其添加到黑土中,研究生物炭对土壤理化性质与噻虫胺在土壤中吸附-降解的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭可显著提高土壤的pH、有效态磷和有机碳含量,降低土壤的H/C。噻虫胺在土壤及生物炭-土壤混合体系中的吸附过程符合Freundlich模型。添加生物炭显著提高了土壤对噻虫胺的吸附,且吸附量随生物炭热解温度的升高而增大。不同热解温度的生物炭对噻虫胺在土壤中降解的影响不同。高温生物炭-土壤混合体系的强吸附能力降低了噻虫胺被微生物降解的速率,但噻虫胺在低温生物炭-土壤混合体系中具有相对较高的微生物降解速率。因此,在利用生物炭修复农药污染土壤时应该充分考虑生物炭的类型和性质。     

马铃薯薄片干燥过程形态变化三维成像

为研究马铃薯薄片在干燥过程中形态变化规律,该文利用Kinect传感器搭建了图像采集平台,研究其在不同干燥温度下(50、60、70、80℃)的形态变化规律。通过图像采集平台获取马铃薯薄片深度图像和彩色图像,利用彩色图像确定感兴趣区域,对对应区域的深度图像进行灰度值拉伸、阈值分割、边缘去噪处理,进而提取特征,计算出正投影面积的收缩率、深度均值及标准差,以表征马铃薯干燥过程中表面卷曲及平整度等形态指标的变化规律。对不同干燥时间点马铃薯片进行三维图形显示可观察其变化规律明显。统计结果表明:低温(50、60℃)与高温(70、80℃)对马铃薯薄片干燥时的收缩率、卷曲程度具有显著影响(P0.05)。50℃时收缩率为54.97%,80℃时收缩率升高为64.55%;干燥温度与马铃薯片卷曲程度呈先升后降的关系,60℃时卷曲度最大,其深度均值为27.81 mm,80℃时降低到18.86 mm。而四组温度下,马铃薯薄片的平整度具有显著性差异(P0.05),50℃时马铃薯片深度值的标准差为7.99 mm,80℃时降低至5.71mm,说明平整度随着干燥温度升高而增加。该研究可为马铃薯薄片干燥过程中形态变化的检测提供参考,同时为干燥工艺的智能化控制提供技术依据。     

茶园节能型开沟刀设计与试验

针对茶园机械化开沟减阻减耗需要,设计茶园节能型开沟刀,用于减小茶园开沟时的开沟功耗。通过理论分析确定节能型开沟刀侧切刃与正切刃曲线方程,通过离散元仿真方法确定侧切刃螺旋线终点处滑切角与正切刃在侧切刃平面内展开曲线终点处静态滑切角分别为62°、56°。对设计完成的节能型开沟刀进行田间试验,试验结果表明:在开沟深度为15、20、25 cm时,节能型开沟刀的开沟功耗分别为0.093、0.107、0.128 kW,均小于对照组通用开沟刀的开沟功耗,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在各个开沟深度均能够达到降低开沟功耗的目的。此外节能型开沟刀在不同开沟深度的沟深稳定性系数均大于90%,高于国家标准和对照组通用开沟刀试验结果,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在降低作业功耗的同时,可保证开沟质量。     

河西绿洲菘蓝生长、光合特性及品质对膜下滴灌调亏的响应

通过菘蓝的水分控制试验(2016年),研究了不同生育期不同梯度调亏灌溉对河西绿洲菘蓝生长、光合特性及产量品质的影响。试验以河西走廊中部张掖市水务局国家重点灌溉试验站为平台,甘肃农业大学中草药系自繁菘蓝种子为供试材料,采用不同生育期和不同梯度调亏灌溉方式二因素随机区组试验设计,共9个处理。在每个生育期测定菘蓝光合参数,收获后测定新鲜板蓝根产量及品质,为河西绿洲灌区合理种植和提高菘蓝产量品质及可持续发展提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)营养生长和肉质根生长期水分亏缺显著降低了菘蓝叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,且降幅随水分亏缺程度加大而增大。(2)水分亏缺造成菘蓝产量降低,调亏处理中肉质根成熟期轻度水分亏缺产量最高(7 342.05kg/hm~2),较充分灌溉降低5.32%(P0.05)。(3)苗期轻度水分亏缺水分利用效率最高(2.14kg/m~3),肉质根成熟期轻度水分亏缺次之。(4)肉质根成熟期轻度调亏处理的菘蓝综合品质最优,其菘蓝靛蓝、靛玉红、(R,S)-告依春含量比生育期充分灌溉提高了0.09,0.41,0.007 8mg/g,但多糖含量下降3.37mg/g。因此,综合考虑菘蓝产量、水分利用效率及品质等指标,肉质根成熟期进行轻度调亏,即该时期土壤相对含水率为60%~90%,可以作为河西走廊绿洲灌区菘蓝最优栽培灌溉的一种方式。     

Economic feasibility of goldfish (Carassius auratus Linn.) recirculating aquaculture system

Economic analysis of a goldfish (Carassius auratus Linn.) recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with rearing tank capacity of 5 m³ (RT5) has been evaluated based on two culture period in 2009 and 2010. The stocking density of goldfish was kept at 100 numbers per m³ of rearing water volume. Furthermore, based on the data obtained from RT5, four more hypothetical RASs of rearing tank capacities of 10 m³ (RT10), 20 m³ (RT20), 50 m³ (RT50) and 100 m³ (RT100) were conceptualized for economic analysis that assess and compare the effects of economies of scale on profitability. The payback period, accounting rate of return (ARR), net present value (NPV), profitability index (PI) and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) were evaluated for the different water volumes (up to 100 m³) assuming project life to be 10 years. The economic analysis revealed that a goldfish RAS with rearing tank capacity 20 m³ onwards can be feasible with a payback period less than 4 years, accounting rate of return 54%, net present value of Rs 241820 and modified internal rate of return of 23%. Sensitivity analyses revealed that market price of fish was most sensitive followed by survival rate, labour, maintenance, FCR, initial investment, discount rate, electricity cost and feed cost respectively. Interestingly, feed cost was found to be the least sensitive one.     

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

Modeling the water and nitrogen transports in a soil–paddy–atmosphere system using HYDRUS-1D and lysimeter experiment

Efficient water and fertilizer use is of paramount importance both in rain-fed and irrigated rice cultivation systems to tread off between the crop water demand during the dry spell and the fertilizer leaching. This lysimeter study on paddy in a lateritic sandy loam soil of the eastern India, to simulate the water and solute transports using the HYDRUS-1D model, reveals that this model could very well simulate the soil depth-specific variations of water pressure heads and nitrogen (N) concentrations with the efficiency of >86 and 89%, respectively. The change in the level of water ponding depth did not have a significant effect on the time to peak and the temporal variability of N concentration in the bottom soil layer. The lysimeter-scale water balance analysis indicated that the average deep percolation loss and crop water use were 35.01 ± 2.03 and 39.74 ± 1.49% of the total water applied during the crop growth period, respectively. Similarly, the amount of N stored in the plant and lost through soil storage, deep percolation, and other losses (mineralization, denitrification, and gaseous N loss to the atmosphere through plant leaves) were 1.60 ± 0.16, 0.17 ± 0.04, 12.00 ± 0.48, and 86.23 ± 0.41% of the total applied nitrogen, respectively. The simulation results reveal that a constant ponding depth of 3 cm could be maintained in paddy fields to reduce the N leaching loss to 7.5 kgN/ha.     

A new lean no time test baking method with improved discriminating power

In response to customer concerns related to gluten strength in commercial baking, the Canadian Grain Commission assessed whether the Canadian Short Process (CSP) test bake method was generating useful data related to intrinsic strength of wheat varieties. Assessment of CSP loaf volume data for Canadian variety trials spanning 2003 to 2013 showed very little correlation with dough strength parameters as measured by farinograph and extensigraph. A lean no time (LNT) test baking method was developed that can better discriminate genotypes and provide objective indicators of the effect of intrinsic dough strength on baking quality. From early method development, through method validation and verification using diverse sets of samples targeting different Canadian wheat classes and grown in three different crop years, results showed the LNT method to be more discriminating and easily adopted by other laboratories. In 2015, the LNT method was adopted as the method of choice in future Canadian variety registration trials. The LNT method is fast, simple and well-suited to high throughput test baking conditions encountered in the evaluation of large numbers of breeder lines. A new objective parameter, loaf top ratio, was also introduced and found to correlate well with dough strength and dough handling properties.