北方土石山区典型坡面优先流特征研究

以太行山区崇陵流域的典型坡面为研究对象,通过亮蓝(Blue-FCF)与KI染色示踪试验,利用图像处理软件技术,计算优先流形态特征参数,分析5个不同坡位的优先流形态特征变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着坡位升高,坡面土壤厚度、容重逐渐减小,而总孔隙度、渗透系数、饱和含水量逐渐增大,凋萎系数与田间持水量则呈现波动变化趋势;(2)随着坡位的升高,染色剂运移深度不断增加,基质流区域占比减小而优先流区域占比增大;各坡位染色面积比随深度缓慢下降,在40cm以下深度范围高坡位点的土壤水分与周围土体交互作用较低坡位点较弱;染色剂入渗体积随坡位升高而逐渐增大;(3)随着坡位的升高,优先流对实际水分运移的贡献增大,高坡位坡面水分以优先流为主要方式向下入渗;(4)土壤质地与容重是影响土石山区坡面不同坡位优先流差异的主要因素。     

基于机器学习预测农药对熊蜂和蜜蜂的毒性

熊蜂 (Bombus spp.) 和蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera L.) 是自然界中的重要传粉昆虫，近年来因为农药的大规模不合理使用造成了世界多个地区熊蜂和蜜蜂种群的持续下降。为了更好地评估农药对熊蜂和蜜蜂的毒性，本研究收集了61个共有的农药蜂毒数据，采用12种分子指纹联合8种机器学习算法，分别建立了农药对熊蜂和蜜蜂急性接触毒性LD₅₀值的分类预测模型。结果表明:农药对熊蜂和蜜蜂的急性接触毒性分类模型预测准确率分别达86.7%和80.0%。随机森林 (Random Forest)、神经网络 (Neural Network) 和支持向量机 (SVM) 3种算法联合Fingerprinter、Klekota-Roth Count和Extend 3种分子指纹在本研究中的预测能力较好。此外，分别采用构建的熊蜂毒性预测模型和蜜蜂毒性预测模型开展交叉毒性预测，准确率分别为72.9%和66.7%，表明熊蜂毒性模型预测蜜蜂毒性的准确性高于蜜蜂毒性模型预测熊蜂毒性的准确性。本研究可为设计低蜂毒化合物提供理论指导，同时为开展不同昆虫靶标的毒性交叉预测提供借鉴。     

3种有机溶剂及其混合物对蛋白核小球藻时间毒性的探究

已有研究表明部分污染物的毒性具有时间依赖性。以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为指示生物,透明96孔微板为实验载体,以3种有机溶剂甲醇(Meth)、乙醇(Eth)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)及其不同体积比的混合物为研究对象,应用时间毒性微板分析法(简称t-MTA)系统测定有机溶剂及其混合物在0、12、24、48、72和96 h对C.pyrenoidosa的毒性效应。结果表明,有机溶剂对C.pyrenoidosa具有明显的时间依赖毒性特征,但不同有机溶剂毒性的大小不同,随时间增长速率不同,毒性大小顺序亦随时间发生变化;有机溶剂混合物也具有明显的时间依赖毒性特征,不同比例有机溶剂混合物在不同暴露时间的毒性差异不明显,但不同比例有机溶剂混合物毒性随时间的变化规律不同,在0~24 h,体积比为1:1、1:2和1:3混合物的毒性缓慢增加,2:1、3:1混合物的毒性迅速增加;在24~48 h,1:1、1:2和1:3混合物的毒性迅速增加,2:1和3:1混合物的毒性增加速率减缓;48~96h内5种比例混合物的毒性增加速率均减缓;有机溶剂混合物对蛋白核小球藻的毒性变化规律受体积比较大的组分影响。     

Bird,weed and interaction effects on yield of irrigated lowland rice

Weeds and grain feeding birds are the two main biological causes of yield losses in irrigated rice in Africa. To quantify the single and combined effect of these biological constraints on rice yields, and to investigate whether weeds attract birds and thereby contribute to increased bird damage, a three-year factorial experiment was set-up in the Senegal River Valley. We tested two management factors (bird and weed management), each with two levels (‘complete’ and ‘absent’), and one crop cycle factor also with two levels (Sahel 202, a medium-cycle and Sahel 108, a short-cycle rice cultivar). Season-long competition from weeds resulted in high but predictable yield losses ranging from 50% to 75%, with lower yield losses for the medium-cycle cultivar Sahel 202 in two of the three seasons. Due to the nature of the pest, season-long exposure to birds resulted in less predictable yield losses ranging from 13% to as high as 94%, with high seasonal variation. In two seasons, much lower bird-inflicted yield losses were observed in the short-cycle cultivar Sahel 108, whereas in one season the medium-cycle cultivar Sahel 202 was much less damaged. When rice was exposed to both weeds and birds, the relative yield losses ranged from 80 to 99%. The yield reducing effect of weeds and birds was never additive. Bird visits to a weedy crop were more frequent compared to a weed-free crop at least in the early rice grain filling stages. This attraction of birds by weeds resulted in an additional yield loss in five of the six cases, ranging from 2 to 62%. Bird-inflicted yield losses in irrigated rice may be reduced by keeping the crop, as much as possible, free from weeds.     

半解析法求解水柱分离与断流弥合水锤问题及机理分析

为了应对长距离输水工程的水锤防护问题,分析了空气阀作用于波状管线有压输水系统发生水力过渡时的瞬态响应过程,提出了空穴增长和溃灭时间、管线最大含气率、最大压力峰值等参数的半解析公式,并由此探讨和研究影响空气阀水锤防护效果的关键因素。半解析解表明,位于空气阀下游的管段相对长度和管线高点的相对高程对系统的断流弥合水锤起了主导作用。将半解析解与特征线法数值解进行了对比,发现两者随主变量的变化趋势一致;分析了半解析解与数值解产生偏差的原因与半解析公式推导过程中几个假设的关系。结果证明,该文提出的半解析公式能够反映空气阀作为水锤防护装置时,主导断流弥合水锤压力峰值的关键因素。该研究可为水锤防护的相关研究提供参考。     

拱形屋面温室纵向抗风分析中的曲梁刚度矩阵模型

研究拱形温室纵向抗风分析中的屋面拱结构。考虑弯扭耦合的影响,在对其几何方程、平衡方程、物理方程分析的基础上,建立了曲梁扭转角和弯曲挠度的控制方程;求得了用基函数向量以及积分常数向量表达的曲梁扭转角和弯曲挠度的解析解;根据位移边界条件,得到了位移系数;根据曲梁内力方程,建立了以矩阵形式表达的刚度平衡方程;经矩阵变换得到了曲梁弯扭分析的刚度矩阵模型以及等效节点力向量。本模型基于梁的刚度平衡方程,采用了精确的解析解,以矩阵形式表达了梁节点位移与节点力之间的关系,利用该模型,可对拱形温室的纵向抗风性能进行分析。     

钢管结构法兰连接节点抗弯承载性能的试验研究

研究了钢管结构法兰连接节点的抗弯承载性能.通过试验方法，采用螺栓应变测量装置，对含4种基本形式的法兰连接节点的试件进行四点弯加载试验，考察了在节点受弯过程中螺栓和法兰板的受力特性.试验得到了其屈服荷载与极限荷载，并且与相应的有限元分析结果吻合良好.试验结果表明，法兰连接节点的受拉区存在明显的撬力作用，刚性法兰连接节点的撬力作用小于柔性法兰连接节点.法兰连接节点的安全储备约为1.2.     

鸸鹋油纳米乳剂对急性高脂血症小鼠血脂的影响

采用微射流技术制备鸸鹋油纳米乳,研究其对高脂饲料诱导的急性高脂血症模型小鼠血脂的影响,并评价鸸鹋油纳米乳的辅助降血脂功能。以昆明种小鼠为实验动物,采用腹腔注射75%蛋黄乳剂建立高脂血症模型,口服灌胃不同剂量的鸸鹋油纳米乳（按鸸鹋油剂量计,分别为1 mL/kg、2 mL/kg、3 mL/kg）,给药结束后分离小鼠血清,测定血清中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）含量。结果显示采用微射流方法成功制备得到粒径较小且粒度分布均一的鸸鹋油纳米乳；服药后,高脂血模型组与正常对照组相比较, TG、TC明显升高（P＜0.001)、HDL-C变化不明显（P＞0.05)；与模型组比较,鸸鹋油纳米乳剂组TG、TC含量降低,且呈剂量依赖性,高剂量组最为明显（P＜0.01),而且与鸸鹋油对照组比较,作用更为明显,表明制备的鸸鹋油纳米乳具有辅助降血脂功能。     

Role of social networks in urban forest management collaboration: A case study in northern Japan

Public participation is crucial for sustainable forest management. In particular, in urban forest areas, it is an important tool for overcoming conflicts among diverse needs regarding the forests through collaboration between citizens and governments. Such collaboration requires social learning. Social learning is dependent upon the presence of social networks that serve as an infrastructure for social capital. This study analyses the role of the social network in a participatory forest management approach of the Nopporo Forest Regeneration Project (NFRP) in the urban Nopporo National Forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan, aimed at restoring a typhoon damaged forest.Within the framework of the participatory approach the project hascreated a network of several citizen organizations for exchanging information. Outside this formal NFRP network several additional citizenorganizations are concerned about the Nopporo Forest management. The article describes the overall social network that has evolved around the Nopporo Forest and compares the attitudes and evaluations of the NFRP network organizations and the not formally NFRP related organizations towards their collaboration with government agencies and other citizen organizations. The overall social network around the Nopporo Forest had a multi-nodal character with the National Forest Agency and Hokkaido Prefectural Government acting as main central nodes. Only a few citizen organizations had direct relations to both central nodes; many organizations had links to either the National Forest Agency or the Prefectural Government. The organizations involved in the formal NFRP network had close ties with the National Forest Agency. This contributed to a positive evaluation of present forest management approach and the collaborative activities of the government agencies. In contrast, the organizations that were not involved in the formal NFRP network were found to have fewer ties with the National Forest Agency. The lack of opportunity to form a direct social learning relation hindered the formation of social capital and resulted in a lower evaluation of the participatory management approach as well as of the collaborative activities. Thus, although the participatory forest management approach of establishing formal social networks enhanced collaboration between the National Forest Agency and several citizen organizations and social learning, it was less successful in encouraging a democratic process involving all interested citizen organizations.     

蒙古族“茶境”探析

古人常用“骏马秋风蓟北,杏花春雨江南”概括南北两地风土人情,仿佛煮茗烹茶之事与漠北草原的蒙古族并无瓜葛。殊不知茶已随南北贸易的繁荣与发达而悄然北上,并逐渐形成了独特的饮茶境遇。本文从器、烹、礼、寓、忌等五个方面对蒙古族“茶境”进行系统探索与阐述,旨在为蒙古族饮茶文化的研究提供参考。