木本植物逆境胁迫研究进展

木本植物(Woody plant)具有多年生、木质部发达和茎坚硬等特点,能抵御复杂多变的外界环境。本综述归纳了木本植物逆境胁迫的几个重要方面,例如盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和低温胁迫。归纳并总结了与应激有关的基因、蛋白质、转录因子和应激反应机制,并简要概述了木本植物在植被保护、园林绿化和土壤改良等方面的应用价值,最后对木本植物研究的局限性和存在的不足进行了讨论。蒙古柳(Salix linearistipularis)作为松嫩平原盐碱地区唯一具有群落分布的木本植物,是研究逆境胁迫的重要树种材料。因此,本综述着重介绍了耐盐碱木本植物蒙古柳对盐等逆境胁迫的研究进展,以期为木本植物逆境胁迫研究提供一定的理论基础;并针对目前研究存在的不足,为进一步研究提供了参考方向。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal and plant feed ingredients for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids (AAs) from Peruvian fish meal (PFM), native fish meal (NFM), meat bone meal (MBM), dried daphnia meal (DDM), soybean meal (SBM), full‐fat soybean (FSBM), cottonseed meals (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) for Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (7.8 ± 0.06 g). Test diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (5 g kg^–1) serving as the inert marker. ADCs of DM ranged from 49.94% (CGM) to 87.11% (PFM), the highest ADCs of DM were observed in PFM and the lowest was found in CGM. ADCs of CP in the test ingredients ranged from 74.92% (CGM) to 93.41% (SBM). ADCs of crude lipid ranged from 51.80% (CGM) to 94.07% (PFM) for fish. ADCs of energy ranged from 56.42% (CGM) to 90.09% (PFM). ADCs of phosphorus ranged from 21.81% (CSM) to 65.70% (PFM). AA availability for the test ingredients followed a similar pattern to ADCs of CP, in which values for PFM, NFM and MBM were generally higher (p < .05) than those of other protein ingredients. Among all plant meals, the AA availability values in SBM were higher (p < .05) than those in CGM, CSM and RSM. The availability of most AAs in CGM was the lowest (p < .05) among all tested ingredients. In conclusion, PFM and NFM are good sources of available protein and AAs. When fishmeal supply is limited, MBM and DDM are substitutes for fishmeal reduction in P. ussuriensis diets; at the same time, SBM and FSBM are also very acceptable protein feedstuffs. However, CSM, RSM and CGM could not be used at high levels in P. ussuriensis diets because of their inferior digestibilities.     

江苏省丰县苹果生产绿色防控现状调查与分析

为了解2017—2018年丰县地区苹果生产及绿色防控现状,在丰县梁寨、师寨、大沙河以及宋楼4个镇的13个苹果种植村,调研农户的基本信息、生产经营情况以及果园病虫害防治及管理情况。调查结果表明,丰县地区的苹果种植户主要负责人多为男性,且年龄整体偏大,总体文化水平较低,其中同时具备党员或村干部资质的人数较少;在气候正常年份（2017年）,丰县地区苹果平均产量可达到 29178.6 kg/hm²,平均售价2.4元/kg,平均收入73608元/hm²;而在遭遇极端气候影响的年份（2018年）,苹果的产量锐减50%以上,平均售价上涨约1.8倍,但农户总体收入减少;农药与肥料的投入是生产资料成本的最重要构成部分,均占到总投入的40%左右,其构成比重受生产资料成本波动的影响较小;现阶段丰县地区苹果园中最高发的病害为斑点落叶病、轮纹病,腐烂病以及炭疽病也有一定程度危害,高发的虫害为梨小食心虫、绣线菊蚜、山楂叶螨以及绿盲蝽;针对病虫害,所有苹果种植户均采用化学防治的方法,而使用农业防治、物理防治以及生物防治措施进行综合防治的农户比例不高;大部分种植户喷药次数集中在9~12次/年,首次喷药时间集中在3月末4月初,末次喷药时间各有不同;农资店为种植户农药的主要购买渠道,且大部分种植户选择由农资店代为配制,其中过半数的种植户选择根据当年各自果园中的情况喷施;丰县地区苹果喷药机械化程度较高,目前小型全自动化机动式喷雾器覆盖率已超过80%。     

大栗鳃金龟生物学特性与防治研究

大栗鳃金龟自１９８５年首次在临夏太子山林区发生后，以５年为一周期于１９９０年、１９９５年定期发生。该虫以幼虫和成虫在土壤内越冬，也以幼虫和成虫对林木幼苗造成巨大为害。幼虫期采用５０％辛硫磷乳剂６００倍液、８０％敌敌畏乳剂６００倍液，防治效果达９０％以上。成虫期采用黑光灯诱杀、人工捕捉，２５％氧乐菊酿乳剂８００倍液或“６６６”烟剂防治，均能收到很好的效果。     

昆虫生长调节剂抑太保防治马尾松毛虫试验初报

应用抑太保防治马尾松毛虫4－5龄幼虫，24h后害虫开始死亡，第4天达到死亡高峰，第10天虫口校正减退率平均达84％以上；防治药剂费用3.0元/hm^2，具有见效快、防治成本低的优点，是一种防治马尾松毛虫的理想药剂。     

广西梧州市环城景观森林生物防火林带建设探讨

介绍了广西梧州市的森林资源和森林防火情况,就环城景观森林生物防火林带的现状及市区范围内发生的森林火灾情况作了阐述,并对建设环城景观森林生物防火林带进行探讨研究及评价。     

白马鸡人工驯养初步研究

通过人工饲养的方式探索出白马鸡驯养的经验,即:在野生白马鸡适宜生境下建立饲养场,从育雏阶段开始进行人工投食饲养和本地土鸡带领相结合的驯养方式。目前已经完成从子一代到子二代的完整驯养、饲养流程,取得了云南省林业厅的驯养繁殖许可证。对育雏、亚成体、成体阶段的喂食量、存活情况等作了分析,认为接近原始生境的环境及本地带雏母鸡是成功的重要条件。     

大庆野生石刁柏发现初报

2004年在黑龙江大庆发现野生石刁柏,在高寒地带,有野生石刁柏生长,还无报导。将野生石刁柏的形态特征报道如下。     

Improving the design of long-term monitoring experiments in forests: a new method for the assessment of local soil variability by combining infrared spectroscopy and dendrometric data

Key message

Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy allows for the detection of local patterns of forest soil properties. In combination with dendrometric data, it may be used as a prospective tool for determining soil heterogeneity before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments.

Context

Forest soils and stands generally exhibit higher spatial heterogeneity than other terrestrial ecosystems. This variability needs be taken into account before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments to avoid multiple interactions between local heterogeneity and the factors tested in the experiment.

Aims

We hypothesized that raw near- and mid-infrared spectra can be used as an integrated proxy of a large set of soil properties. The use of this method, in combination with dendrometric data, should provide a quick and cost-effective tool for optimizing the design of experimental forest sites.

Methods

We assessed the local soil heterogeneity at 11 experimental sites in oak and beech stands, which belong to a new forest long-term ecological research (LTER) network. We used near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy in soil and litter samples. The spectra were subjected to principal components analyses (PCA) to determine the intra-site variability of the soil and litter layers.

Results

Based on mapped PCA coordinates and basic dendrometric data, it was possible to design the experiment and minimize the interactions between the treatment layout and the tested variables. The method was validated with chemical analyses of the soil. No interaction was detected at the set-up of the experiment between the treatment layout and chemical soil properties (C, N, C/N ratio, pH, CEC, Al, Mg, P₂O₅, Fe, Mn, Na, and K).

Conclusion

Near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool for characterizing the overall heterogeneity of soil chemical properties. It can be used without any preliminary calibration. In combination with dendrometric data, it provides a reliable method for optimizing LTER plots in different types of ecosystems.