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1.
Long-term fertilization and crop rotation can influence both organic C sequestration as well as the C composition of soils and the more resistant organic C compounds contained in humic acid(HA). This study examined the effects of fertilization and cropping type(monoculture corn(MC) and Kentucky bluegrass sod(KBS) and corn-oat-alfalfa-alfalfa rotation(RC)) on the HA composition of soil from a 52-year field study in southern Ontario, Canada. Humic acid samples were extracted from soil, and elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and electron paramagnetic resonance methods were used to determine the influence of the cropping type on the characteristics of HA. Both fertilization and cropping type affected the chemical characteristics of HA. Fertilization led to a 5.9% increase in C, a 7.6% decrease in O, and lower O/C and(N + O)/C ratios in HA as compared to the corresponding non-fertilized treatments. Rotation resulted in a lower proportion of C(48.1%) and a greater(N + O)/C ratio(0.7) relative to monoculture cropping. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that HA contained more C-O groups in fertilized soil than in non-fertilized soil under MC and KBS. Fertilization increased the O-alkyl-C, phenolic-C, and free radical contents of HA relative to non-fertilization treatments. Rotation decreased the aliphatic and carboxyl groups and increased the O-alkyl, carbohydrate, aryl, and phenolic groups and free radicals, relative to MC and KBS. Both long-term crop rotation and fertilization dramatically modified the soil HA composition. Significant relationships were observed between the molecular composition of HA and soil organic C. Hence, humic acid characterization could be used as an indicator of the long-term sustainability of crop management practices.  相似文献   
2.
青钱柳种子发芽率低,天然更新能力弱,自然分布的森林中难以找到幼树幼苗。加上育苗困难,难以像普通树种进行人工造林,导致青钱柳资源匮乏,仅在南方部分省区零星分布,总量严重不足。野生资源已不能满足青钱柳健康茶产业发展需要,创新叶用林栽培模式刻不容缓。  相似文献   
3.
为揭示滴灌水肥一体化玉米冠层图像颜色特征参数随有效积温的动态变化规律,明确有效积温对玉米冠层图像三基色RGB的动态变化影响机理,比较图像特征参数的拟合精度。以宁夏主栽品种天赐19为试验材料,于2018年在宁夏平吉堡农场开展6个不同氮素处理的小区试验,利用防抖手持云台搭载手机相机遥控获取玉米冠层垂直地面图像,提取图像色彩特征参数,以有效积温为自变量,对玉米冠层数字图像特征参数进行拟合分析并比较,并分析图像参数与叶片氮浓度的相关性。结果表明:有效积温与红光值(R)符合有理函数关系,与绿光值(G)和蓝光值(B)符合对数函数关系,通过比较可以看出,各图像特征参数中R拟合效果最好,B和G次之,均达到显著水平,图像参数与叶片氮浓度十叶期的相关系数高于六叶期。因此,数字图像参数R的拟合效果最好,可作为宁夏滴灌玉米图像监测指标和群体结构分析的参考依据,十叶期可作为该地区滴灌玉米氮素营养诊断的关键生育时期。  相似文献   
4.
正大自然看护者和人类活动管理者这两种角色都是国家可持续发展的核心。如果为中国乡村和农民赋予这两项责任,他们将会成为当地和区域社区的关键力量,并赢得应有的尊重。塑造村落的未来,为其制订发展计划,是一个系统的过程。基于此,本文探讨对规划进程具有指导意义的几个重点。定义乡村和农民的新角色乡村规划进程以两种面貌作为起始点和参照点:前者是村落和所处区域的现状,后者是预期的未来面貌。就规划而言,这两者是互补的。鉴于村落发展问题的复杂性,首先要对区域、村落、居民、  相似文献   
5.
作物主动汲水技术内涵与研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
持续创新农田灌溉技术,有利于应对农业水资源短缺、耕地资源不足,也是确保中国粮食安全的重要技术基础。该研究提出了"作物主动汲水"(Crop Initiative Draw Water,CIDW)概念,并分析其得以实现的基本条件是:土壤水非饱和性、外界水水势始终小于大气压、外界水和作物根系的距离有效性、高效的水势能差转化界面。综合文献划分出了压力势差(Pressure Potential Difference, P-CIDW)、渗透势差 (Osmotic Potential Difference, O-CIDW)和重力势差作物主动汲水(Gravitational Potential Difference,G-CIDW)等3种形式的CIDW,并分析了它们的势能特征和基本实现途径。进一步,从硬件设备技术、作物表现、水盐运移与分布、土壤生境等几个方面,重点综述了P-CIDW的研究进展。近十多年来的研究表明,相比漫灌、沟灌、滴灌等传统灌溉技术,适宜参数的P-CIDW能够显著地提高作物产量与水分利用效率、养分吸收和肥料利用率、根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性、水肥耦合效应,明显地影响了作物生理生化指标、土壤养分有效性和养分空间分布;土壤质地及其剖面构型显著地影响了P-CIDW下的水盐运移与分布;利用初始土壤含水率和基质势、渗水器导水率、供水压力以及时间等参数,可以半机理半经验地估测P-CIDW的累积入渗量。最后展望了CIDW研究的未来,认为,土壤水分-作物关系的基础理论急需要突破、研发高效的势能转化界面材料仍然是发展CIDW技术的关键任务、尽快制定P-CIDW技术标准、P-CIDW控压方法还需要革命性的创新。  相似文献   
6.
拖拉机动量飞轮主动防侧翻控制与模型试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
针对拖拉机侧翻致死致伤事故仍时有发生的问题,基于旋转刚体加速时的反向施矩原理,以反作用动量飞轮为执行元件,提出了从主动安全角度解决拖拉机侧翻问题的研究方法。通过构建拖拉机动力学系统数学模型,解析了整机侧翻行为的动态演变机理。为保证拖拉机主体结构的完整性,将动量飞轮置于拖拉机前部,取代传统静态配重的同时可主动提供防侧翻力矩。应用Matlab/Simulink软件,对反作用飞轮的回稳过程进行了基于PID控制的有效性仿真分析,同时设计并搭建了比例模型试验平台,对主动施矩飞轮的回稳控制效果进行了试验验证。结果表明,装备飞轮的拖拉机与无控制组对比,在一次试验中可多次实现整机的防侧翻控制,使整机防侧翻性能得到明显改善,且不同行驶工况下的试验数据与仿真结果的相关性较强,充分验证了本文拖拉机侧翻动力学模型的有效性。  相似文献   
7.
<正>Dear Editor,Arsenic(As) is a harmful metalloid that occurs in soil and water; its concentration varies considerably among geographic regions, with groundwater being the principal source of human contamination(Smedley and Kinniburgh, 2002). Besides the direct contamination effect of drinking water that contains high As concentration, human poisoning may also occur after inges-  相似文献   
8.
石灰岩山地为皖东江淮丘陵地区主要的地貌类型,具有山势陡峭、土壤浅薄、岩裸比例高、植被稀少和生态退化明显等问题。而岭脊地带更是不可及造林区域,如何构建生物防火林带,为湿地松、侧柏等人工针叶树幼林提供屏障,是当前面临的迫切问题。笔者拟通过乡土树种造林,探索石灰岩山地岭脊地带生态修复的可行性,为石质荒山绿化和生物防火林带造林提供参考。  相似文献   
9.
Over-fertilization has caused significant phosphorus(P) accumulation in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production(GVP) soils. This study, for the first time, quantified profile P accumulation directly from soil P measurements, as well as subsoil P immobilization, in three alkaline coarse-textured GVP soil profiles with 5(S5), 15(S15), and 30(S30) years of cultivation in Tongshan, Southeast China. For each profile, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10(topsoil), 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Phosphorus accumulation was estimated from the difference in P contents between topsoil and parent material(60–100 cm subsoil). Phosphorus mobility was assessed from measurements of water-soluble P concentration(PSol). Finally, P sorption isotherms were produced using a batch sorption experiment and fitted using a modified Langmuir model. High total P contents of 1 980(S5), 3 190(S15), and 2 330(S30) mg kg~(-1) were measured in the topsoils versus lower total P content of approximately 600 mg kg~(-1) in the 80–100 cm subsoils. Likewise, topsoil PSol values were very high, varying from 6.4 to 17.0 mg L~(-1). The estimated annual P accumulations in the topsoils were 397(S5), 212(S15), and 78(S30) kg ha~(-1) year~(-1). Sorption isotherms demonstrated the dominance of P desorption in highly P-saturated topsoils, whereas the amount of adsorbed P increased in the 80–100 cm subsoils with slightly larger P adsorption capacity. The total P adsorption capacity of the 80–100 cm subsoils at a solution P concentration of0.5 mg L~(-1) was 15.7(S5), 8.7(S15), and 6.5(S30) kg ha~(-1), demonstrating that subsoils were unable to secure P concentrations in leaching water below 0.5 mg L~(-1) because of their insufficient P-binding capacity.  相似文献   
10.
Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility (MS) via magnetometer have been increasingly used with terrain variables for digital soil mapping. However, this methodology is still emerging in many countries with tropical soils. The objective of this study was to use proximal soil sensor data associated with terrain variables at varying spatial resolutions to predict soil classes using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The study was conducted on a 316-ha area featuring highly variable soil classes and complex soil-landscape relationships in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were evaluated using soils that were classified at 118 sites, with 90 being used for modeling and 28 for validation. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were created at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m resolutions using contour lines from two sources. The resulting DEMs were processed to generate 12 terrain variables. Total Fe, Ti, and SiO2 contents were obtained using pXRF, with MS determined via a magnetometer. Soil class prediction was performed using the RF algorithm. The quality of the soil maps improved when using only the five most important covariates and combining proximal sensor data with terrain variables at different spatial resolutions. The finest spatial resolution did not always provide the most accurate maps. The high soil complexity in the area prevented highly accurate predictions. The most important variables influencing the soil mapping were MS, Fe, and Ti. Proximal sensor data associated with terrain information were successfully used to map Brazilian soils at variable spatial resolutions.  相似文献   
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