基于土地利用调查成果的草原资源监测技术研究

草原是我国陆地生态系统的重要主体,也是生态文明建设的主战场之一.但草原资源本底不清,限制了草原的科学管理.按照牧区、半牧区、林区草原资源的差异性,分别选择典型县域进行案例分析.结果表明,由于草地认定标准差异、资源自身空间上的重叠、精度差异等方面原因,三调初步成果与原有的调查资料草地面积总量和空间分布均存在不同程度的差异;国土三调初步成果的图斑区划和属性因子不能满足草原资源经营管理的需求,应在三调的基础上进行经营区划和调查;草班和小班的区划要满足不同区域草原资源管理和经营的需要,调查内容包括类型、数量、质量、结构和功能等5个方面.     

保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉特征性风味成分的影响

为明晰保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉冷藏期间的特征性风味物质的影响。本实验利用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)结合电子鼻和电子舌技术，对经微酸性氧化电解水和ε-聚赖氨酸两步法保鲜处理的冷鲜鲟鱼肉在冷藏期间的挥发性成分和滋味成分进行分析。电子鼻能够对挥发性成分从整体上进行分析，贮藏后期保鲜处理组和对照组的鲟鱼肉挥发性气味的数据集无重叠区域，差异明显。利用SPME-GC-MS定性鉴定出46种挥发性物质，主要包括醛类、酮类、烃类和醇类等物质，其中己醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛和2,5-辛二酮、苯乙酮、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮为保鲜处理组的主要挥发性物质，保鲜处理延缓了冷鲜鲟鱼肉腥味的产生以及鱼肉香味的下降。电子舌检测冷藏过程中鲟鱼肉的滋味物质时发现，保鲜处理组苦味、涩味、咸味均低于对照组，两组样品贮藏6 d后，在苦味、涩味、咸味、鲜味方面均呈显著差异。保鲜处理起到了减缓冷藏期间冷鲜鲟鱼肉风味物质下降的作用，为保鲜处理在冷鲜鲟鱼肉中的应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

转录因子在植物生长发育及非生物逆境响应的作用

在植物的一生中,不同的基因被设定在不同的时期及部位精确地表达,或是在不同的环境条件下如高温、干旱等诱导表达,基因表达受转录因子的精确调控。植物碱性亮氨酸拉链(basic leucine zipper,bZIP)蛋白是一类重要的转录因子,其参与了植物从生长发育到胁迫响应的各种过程。植物生长转变及对胁迫做出响应会迅速地诱发自身大量基因的转录变化,这一过程称为转录重编程。bZIP转录因子就是引导这些转录重编程的转录因子中重要的一类。本文介绍了bZIP转录因子的结构、分类以及重要功能,综述了其在植物生长发育及非生物胁迫响应等过程中所起的关键作用,并就如何拓展完善bZIP转录因子功能研究作了展望。     

永州地区早春大棚甜瓜新品种引进比较试验

为筛选出适宜永州地区早春大棚种植的甜瓜新品种,通过随机区组设计,对6个参试甜瓜品种进行比较。试验结果表明,脆禧表现为早熟,一品红、玉菇生育期与CK(雪峰蜜2号)接近,3个品种均表现高产,且商品性、口感、含糖量较优,因此认为脆禧、一品红、玉菇这3个品种适宜在湖南永州地区推广种植。     

SRT1720 enhances maturity and quality of oocytes in aged mice

This study aims to investigate the morphology and distribution of mitochondria, spindles, and chromosomes in oocytes of aged mice and examine the effects of SRT1720 on oocyte maturation. C57BL/6J mice were divided into young (4–8 weeks) and aged groups (48–52 weeks). In vitro maturation media contained (0.05, 0.1, and 1.0 μM) SRT1720 and 0.1-μM dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO control). The rate of chromosome misalignment and spindle misorientation in oocytes of aged mice were significantly higher than that of young mice (P < 0.01). Fluorescence intensity of mitochondria from oocytes of aged mice was significantly lower than that of young mice (P < 0.01). SRT1720 at 0.1 μM significantly improved oocyte maturation, fertilization, and blastocyst formation in aged mice compared with young mice (P < 0.01). Additionally, immunofluorescence intensity of mitochondria, normal spindle morphology, and chromosome alignment were notably enhanced with SRT1720 when compared with the DSMO control group for metaphase II (MII)-stage oocytes matured in vitro (P < 0.01); 0.1-μM SRT1720 enhanced the expression level of SRIT1 in oocytes from aged mice. In summary, the aged mice oocytes showed increased nuclear and cytoplasmic defects, whereas SRT1720 enhanced oocyte maturation and quality. We concluded that 0.1-μM SRT1720 was an appropriate concentration for in vitro maturation media.     

除草剂胁迫下3种牧草浸提液对受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探明除草剂胁迫对3种牧草的化感作用，本研究采用室内生测法，采用不同推荐剂量的草铵膦和草甘膦分别处理紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和红豆草（Onobrychis viciaefolia）幼苗，测定3种牧草浸提液对受体小白菜（Brassica chinensis）种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响，并结合化感效应值对牧草的化感活性进行分析，旨在为牧草田的杂草防治及科学使用除草剂提供理论参考。结果表明：3种牧草浸提液对受体植物发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、苗高、最大根长及活力指数均具有一定的影响，对最大根长的影响最大；受2种除草剂胁迫后，供试牧草的化感作用均显著高于清水处理，其中草甘膦胁迫后的表现更为明显，其对供试牧草化感作用的强弱顺序为：红豆草>紫花苜蓿>黑麦草。综上，除草剂胁迫下可明显增强紫花苜蓿、红豆草和黑麦草的化感作用。     

中国森林火灾发生规律及预测模型研究

量化分析森林火灾发生规律能为预测和防治森林火灾提供科学依据。文中采用四参数Weibull分布描述了我国森林火灾发生次数和火场面积分布规律，运用Spearman相关系数分析承灾主体因子、灾害管理因子、孕灾环境因子与森林火灾发生次数、面积间关系，基于全国森林火灾数据分别建立灰色系统理论模型、BP人工神经网络模型和时间序列ARIMA模型，并采用Markov随机过程改进已建立模型。结果表明，我国森林火灾发生次数分布呈左偏正态分布，火场面积呈倒J型分布，火灾次数和火场面积分布模型拟合决定系数分别为0.63和0.66；承灾主体、孕灾环境和灾害管理对森林火灾次数和火场面积影响程度依次减小，人工林面积、累年年平均气温、年降雨量平均差值、年最低气温平均日数与森林火灾发生具有明显相关性，影响森林火灾的因子与森林火灾发生次数、火场面积间存在指数型关系；不同模型对森林火灾发生次数和火场面积拟合优度次序为BP模型、GM（1，1）-Markov模型、BP-Markov模型、GM（1，1）模型、ARIMA模型、ARIMA-Markov模型，采用Markov过程能显著改进GM（1，1）预测模型对火灾随机性的预测效果，可以更好地反映森林火灾发生规律。     

Salty stories,fresh spaces: Lessons for aquatic protected areas from marine and freshwater experiences

1. Marine protected areas (MPAs) and freshwater protected areas (FPAs), collectively aquatic protected areas (APAs), share many commonalities in their design, establishment, and management, suggesting great potential for sharing lessons learned. However, surprisingly little has been exchanged to date, and both realms of inquiry and practice have progressed mostly independent of each other.
2. This paper builds on a session held at the 7^th World Fisheries Congress in Busan, South Korea, in May 2016, which explored crossover lessons between marine and freshwater realms, and included case studies of four MPAs and five FPAs (or clusters of FPAs) from nine countries.
3. This review uses the case studies to explore similarities, differences, and transferrable lessons between MPAs and FPAs under five themes: (1) ecological system; (2) establishment approaches; (3) effectiveness monitoring; (4) sustaining APAs; and (5) challenges and external threats.
4. Ecological differences between marine and freshwater environments may necessitate different approaches for collecting species and habitat data to inform APA design, establishment and monitoring, but once collected, similar spatial ecological tools can be applied in both realms. In contrast, many similarities exist in the human dimension of both MPA and FPA establishment and management, highlighting clear opportunities for exchanging lessons related to stakeholder engagement and support, and for using similar socio‐economic and governance assessment methods to address data gaps in both realms.
5. Regions that implement MPAs and FPAs could work together to address shared challenges, such as developing mechanisms for diversified and sustained funding, and employing integrated coastal/watershed management to address system‐level threats. Collaboration across realms could facilitate conservation of diadromous species in both marine and freshwater habitats.
6. Continued exchange and increased collaboration would benefit both realms, and may be facilitated by defining shared terminology, holding cross‐disciplinary conferences or sessions, publishing inclusive papers, and proposing joint projects.

     

球孢白僵菌基因组密码子使用模式及其影响因素分析

球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana是一类成功用于全球生物防治的重要病原真菌,这是由于其宿主范围广及毒力多样化特性决定的.利用球孢白僵菌已公布全基因组数据,开展密码子使用偏好分析,以理解其基因组特征和宿主适应性.尽管通过密码子指数CAI,CBI,ENc的计算,认为球孢白僵菌密码子使用偏性较弱.但根据RSCU值鉴定最优密码子,发现球孢白僵菌基因组强烈偏好使用第三位碱基G/C的密码子,尤其是C结尾的密码子.对密码子第三位碱基进行PR2分析,发现球孢白僵菌密码子偏好性还表现在倾向于使用嘧啶结尾密码子,即U使用频率高于A,C使用频率高于G.该偏好模式通过相关性分析,认为核苷酸组成是影响球孢白僵菌密码子偏好性的一个重要因素.而ENc图和对应分析则表明除核苷酸组成外,球孢白僵菌密码子使用偏好还受到基因功能及其他多种因素的影响.中性绘图分析认为,球孢白僵菌密码子使用偏好受到外界选择下的定向突变压力作用,并推测该选择来自于其宿主.而该定向突变压力也是加快球孢白僵菌自身基因组进化和毒力多样化的一种动力,使其能适应在700多种昆虫宿主中寄生.     

应用响应面优化辣木γ-氨基丁酸富集工艺研究

通过富集方式和干燥方法的单因素实验,最陡爬坡试验和响应面设计,优化辣木鲜叶γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的富集工艺。建立的辣木鲜叶中GABA最适富集条件为辣木鲜叶在45℃下,真空处理34 h,然后50℃干燥。该条件处理的辣木GABA含量为(19.70±0.16)mg/g,是对照的2.63倍。