动物防控检测工作重要性、存在问题和对策

近年人们生活水平和生活质量日益提高,对食物安全性提出更严格的要求,尤其是对肉食品的选择上。市场上各种食品安全问题层出不穷,严重危害国民的身体健康,也影响畜牧业的经济效益。因此,动物健康状况尤为重要,相关工作人员要十分重视动物防控检测工作,了解这项工作的重要意义,对检测工作中存在的问题及时实施可行的对策。     

钾肥和硅肥对油用亚麻茎秆抗倒伏特性的影响

为了优化油用亚麻抗倒伏的肥料运筹措施,以‘陇亚11号’和‘定亚23号’为试验材料,通过裂区设计,研究了钾肥（不施钾、52.5 kg K₂O/hm²和105 kg K₂O /hm² 3个水平）和硅肥（不施硅和90 kg SiO₂/hm² 2个水平）用量对油用亚麻茎秆形态学、力学抗倒伏特性及产量的影响。结果表明：‘陇亚11号’的株高、重心高度及茎粗、壁厚、抗折力均显著大于‘定亚23号’,茎秆形态学及力学抗倒伏特性的综合影响下,‘陇亚11号’较‘定亚23号’倒伏率提高21.24%而产量降低9.43%。钾肥显著改善了抗倒的茎秆表观形态学特性,施钾后茎粗、壁厚、茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数提高而株高和重心高度降低,千粒重和籽粒产量分别提高7.35%和9.34%。硅肥对茎秆形态学、力学特性及籽粒产量均无主效应,但硅肥与钾肥的互作使茎粗显著增加。抗倒伏指数与茎粗、壁厚呈显著正相关,与株高、重心高度呈显著负相关。品种间的茎秆抗倒伏特性差异较大,施用钾肥显著改善了抗倒的茎秆表观形态学特性,优化了茎秆机械性能,增强了油用亚麻的抗倒伏能力;供钾量较低时,硅肥与钾肥对茎粗的互作正效应明显。     

包头南海湖冰封期不同形态氮的空间分布

为探究包头南海湖冰封期不同形态氮空间分布特征及变化规律,根据南海湖不同水域使用功能划分区域,于2017年12月在南海湖布设采样点取样,检测各采样点不同形态氮含量,Arc GIS软件分析湖泊中各种形态氮空间特异性。研究结果表明,包头南海湖氮污染物空间分布整体呈东高西低,由西南向东北呈逐渐增加趋势。总氮浓度为2.286~5.988 mg·L~(-1),氨氮浓度在1.049~3.436 mg·L~(-1),硝态氮在0.019~0.059 mg·L~(-1),亚硝态氮在0.016~0.069 mg·L~(-1),氨氮含量达总氮50%以上,硝态氮和亚硝态氮浓度较低。位于旅游开发区内湖心岛周围区域及出水口区总氮、氨氮及亚硝态氮浓度较高。总氮、氨氮及亚硝态氮空间分布趋于一致,硝态氮空间分布则与之相反。从研究数据分析结果可知,由于迁移浓缩效应,冰体中各种形态氮含量均小于水体中含量。研究可为南海湖冬季氮污染治理提供理论依据,为渔业保护提供技术支持。     

农作物秸秆综合利用及创新模式——以浙江省为例

农作物秸秆是一种珍贵的农业生物质资源。为提高农作物秸秆综合利用的效率和改善农村生产生活环境，浙江省通过“秸秆换肥”的试点模式设计，推动了秸秆综合利用、商品有机肥推广、生态循环农业主体培育、美丽田园清洁生产和土壤污染防治5方面工作，实现了农民、涉农企业和政府3方共赢的良好局面。      

浙江省青毛豆全程机械化研究及发展建议

随着青毛豆种植面积的不断扩大，种植户对青毛豆生产机械化要求也越来越迫切。目前，青毛豆生产全程机械化生产的瓶颈主要是采摘环节，研制青毛豆收获机代替人工摘豆荚已成为青毛豆产业当务之急。介绍了国内外青毛豆产业机械化发展的现状及存在的问题，并提出了建设性的建议。      

陕北黄土区不同微地形土壤水分变化趋势分析

目的我国黄土高原地区干旱少雨、蒸发性强，降雨成为当地土壤水分的主要来源，而黄土坡面微地形对降水进行二次分配，因此研究不同立地类型的微地形土壤水分的动态变化趋势，可以为困难立地类型的微地形的植被生长和恢复提供参考依据。方法本文选择缓台、塌陷、陡坎、切沟和浅沟5种微地形的土壤水分为研究对象，于2010年8月至2013年6月在吴起县合沟流域阳坡上的定位观测数据，利用自相关检验、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、线性回归等方法，分析研究5种微地形0~160cm各土层土壤水分动态变化特征。结果在检测期间的全年和生长季中，微地形的土壤含水量随深度的增加呈现增大的趋势，其中切沟的土壤含水量相对较高，陡坎最低。各土层的土壤水分存在显著的正自相关性；5种微地形土壤水分在检测期间的变化趋势均不显著，其中塌陷的土壤水分在各土层均有微弱增加的趋势，其他4种微地形的土壤水分在各土层的变化趋势均有增有减；缓台、塌陷、陡坎、切沟和浅沟5种微地形在观测期间的变化速率也有差异，相对而言塌陷的土壤水分变化速率最快。结论综合分析可得，在监测期间，切沟的土壤含水量最高，但塌陷的增长速率较快。      

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂脂代谢相关的滞育关联基因差异表达分析

本文对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂滞育组与正常发育组进行转录组测序，筛选差异表达基因，根据功能注释发现这些滞育关联基因主要与碳水化合物代谢、脂质代谢以及信号转导等途径相关。借助KEGG数据库，共筛选出滞育期间401个与脂代谢相关的差异基因，在滞育期间呈现不同程度的上调表达，涉及了脂肪酸生物合成、甘油脂代谢、类固醇生物合成等代谢途径，除与脂质合成相关的脂肪酸合成酶、超长链脂肪酸延伸酶基因上调表达外，与脂质分解相关的酶，如酯酶同样上调表达，可能与提高茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂免疫力有关；与激素合成相关基因的上调表达，可能抑制茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂卵巢发育。     

Preliminary study to evaluate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant ingredient‐based diets

A 9‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs) on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) based on the evaluations of growth performance and parameters relevant to lipid metabolism. Each of five vegetable protein‐based diets containing BAs at a level of 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45 or 1.35 g/kg diet was fed to three replicates with 40 fish (8.2 g per fish). The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased significantly with the increase in BAs from 0 to 0.15 g/kg diet and then decreased significantly at a higher BA supplementation. Dietary BAs significantly reduced the crude lipid content in the whole body, muscle and liver tissue of GIFT. Fish fed diet with 1.35 g BAs/kg diet developed serious nuclear migration and vacuolization in hepatocytes. Gall bladder appeared to contain white solid and has fragile capsules. Dietary BA supplementation had significant effects on serum biochemical indices and activities of lipid metabolism enzymes in liver and intestine. In conclusion, dietary bile acid supplementation (0.15 g/kg) can facilitate the lipid metabolism and therefore promote the growth of tilapia. However, overdosed dietary BAs induced gallstone development, disrupted lipid metabolism and depressed the growth performances of GIFT.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsLAP6/OsPKS1</Emphasis>, an orthologue of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6</Emphasis>, is critical for proper pollen exine formation

Background

Male fertility is crucial for rice yield, and the improvement of rice yield requires hybrid production that depends on male sterile lines. Although recent studies have revealed several important genes in male reproductive development, our understanding of the mechanisms of rice pollen development remains unclear.

Results

We identified a rice mutant oslap6 with complete male sterile phenotype caused by defects in pollen exine formation. By using the MutMap method, we found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation located in the second exon of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 was responsible for the mutant phenotype. OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is an orthologous gene of Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6, which functions in sporopollenin metabolism. Several other loss-of-function mutants of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing tool also exhibited the same phenotype of male sterility. Our cellular analysis suggested that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 might regulate pollen exine formation by affecting bacula elongation. Expression examination indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is specifically expressed in tapetum, and its product is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Protein sequence analysis indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is conserved in land plants.

Conclusions

OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is a critical molecular switch for rice male fertility by participating in a conserved sporopollenin precursor biosynthetic pathway in land plants. Manipulation of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 has potential for application in hybrid rice breeding.

     

Effects of different long-term cropping systems on phosphorus adsorption and desorption characteristics in red soils

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Phosphorus (P) fertilizer has been applied in regions with red soils to ensure high crop yield. However, the supply of bioavailable P for crop plants is...