基于地基激光雷达的叶倾角分布升尺度方法研究

地基激光雷达因其具有穿透力强,能够提取植被冠层三维结构信息的优势,是提取植被叶倾角分布(Leaf angle distribution,LAD)的理想数据源,因此将地基激光雷达数据与遥感影像结合获取大尺度叶倾角分布结果颇具潜力。以河北省保定市北部4个县为研究区,利用10个玉米样地的地基激光雷达数据提取叶倾角分布结果,使用主成分正变换提取玉米实测叶倾角分布数据中信息量最大的前3个主成分,再利用神经网络模型对所提取的主成分与Landsat8反射率数据结合建立关系模型,然后将训练好的模型应用于整个研究区进行升尺度转换,最后通过主成分逆变换,得到升尺度后平均叶倾角(Mean tilt angle,MTA)结果。对升尺度后LAD与实测LAD及升尺度后MTA与实测MTA进行交叉验证,结果表明,升尺度MTA与实测MTA的验证精度(R2)为0.786 2,均方根误差(RMSE)为3.04°。该结果表明,使用提取主成分方法建立光谱数据与叶倾角分布的关系模型从而达到升尺度转换的目的具有可行性,模拟精度较高,且误差较小。     

Upscaling spatio‐temporal patterns of cation fluxes in acid forest soils

One main problem with current research on spatio‐temporal modeling of ion fluxes in forest soils is the separation of space and time effects in the soil‐monitoring concept. This article describes an approach to overcome this weakness. Time trends of point information on soil‐solution data (base‐cation concentrations and fluxes) are scaled by linking them to soil‐chemical data which is available in higher spatial resolution and can be upscaled to an area base. This approach is based on a combined evaluation of bulk soil and soil‐solution data using both statistical and process‐oriented methods. Multiple‐linear‐regression analyses coupled with geostatistics were developed to predict spatial patterns of exchangeable cation percentages. In a second step, empirical ion‐distribution coefficients were adapted according to Gapon using data of suction‐cup plots and bulk‐soil samples. Seasonally adjusted time‐series data of soil‐solution chemistry were then connected with the maps of the predicted exchangeable‐cation percentages by means of the Gapon equations. This evaluation step provided both time‐ and space‐dependent maps of cation concentrations in the soil solution. Finally, using the results of a water‐budget model it was possible to derive spatio‐temporal patterns of soil cation fluxes. Methodological limitations and the results of verification processes are discussed. The methods described can only be used in acidic soils and should not be used in soil layers rich in humus, since adsorption to C compounds differs from adsorption to clay minerals. The time increments of the models should be not shorter than yearly in order to suppress annual periodicity. Although the Gapon equations were not based on laboratory‐determined exchange solutions at quasi‐equilibrium, but rather on field data from the suction‐cup technique, the exchangeable‐cation percentages showed steady functions of selectivity coefficients. The methods tested at a watershed scale may be flexible enough to be applied at other scales as well.     

Testing the yield of a pilot‐scale bubble column photobioreactor for cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina as feed for intensive calanoid copepod cultures

A dual column photobioreactor (PBR) (2 × 47 L) with mixed CO₂/air bubbling was tested for cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina as food for live feed copepods. In the continuous growth phase, the cell density was relatively stable at 2.40 ± 0.13 × 10⁶ cells/ml at an average dilution rate of 0.46 ± 0.02 per day throughout the 30‐day experiment. The produced algae had a high content of both total fatty acids (TFA) and free amino acids (FAA). Especially, the harvested algae contained a high proportion of poly‐unsaturated fatty acids that made up 80% of the TFA and of essential amino acids (35% of all FAA), implicating desirable components as feed for copepods. The current PBR was sufficient to feed a culture of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa at a density of 2,500 adult/L in ca. 500 L culture with a daily yield of approximately 17 × 10⁶ eggs. To be able to sustain the integrated copepods production, the suggested volume of the algae cultures should be ca. 20% of the copepod culture volume.     

东北春玉米单株茎流变化规律及其农田尺度提升方法

为揭示春玉米单株茎流速率规律,明确单株茎流提升至群体蒸腾的尺度转换因子,2017和2018年连续在东北典型黑土区开展了春玉米田间试验,对春玉米灌浆期内茎流速率、气象数据、棵间蒸发及土壤剖面含水率进行观测和分析。结果表明:春玉米茎流速率有明显的昼夜变化规律,降雨对玉米茎流有较强的抑制作用,降雨后茎流速率明显升高;在晴、阴、雨天气情况下玉米白天茎流差异较大,且在阴雨天气情况下,茎流曲线呈多峰曲线,峰值较低。玉米茎流的变化是各种环境因素综合作用的结果,其中茎流速率与空气温度、光合有效辐射、相对湿度间相关系数的绝对值皆在0.8以上,表明他们是影响东北黑土区茎流速率的主要环境因素。以茎粗、茎干截面面积、叶面积为尺度转换因子将单株茎流尺度提升得到春玉米农田尺度群体蒸腾量,将2 a灌浆期春玉米群体蒸腾量与棵间蒸发之和,与水量平衡法计算得到的蒸发蒸腾量进行比较,误差均在20%以内。3种尺度提升方法和水量平衡法得到2 a春玉米灌浆期内日均蒸发蒸腾量分别在4.22～4.78、3.91～4.56 mm/d范围内。其中以叶面积为尺度转换因子计算的蒸发蒸腾量与水量平衡法的结果最为接近,相对误差在5%左右,表明东北高寒黑土区春玉米农田适合采用叶面积作为单株向农田尺度提升的转换因子。     

Producing nitrogen (N) uptake maps in winter wheat by combining proximal crop measurements with Sentinel-2 and DMC satellite images in a decision support system for farmers

Responsive fertilisation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is often adopted, with N applied two or three times between the developmental stages of tillering and booting. Satellite-based decision support systems (DSS) providing vegetation index maps calculated from satellite data are available to aid farmers in adjusting the topdressing nitrogen (N) rate site-specifically to the current season and to variations in growth conditions within the field. One example is the freely available CropSAT DSS used in Scandinavia, which provides farmers with raster maps of the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI2) calculated mainly from data obtained from satellites Sentinel-2 (ESA, EU) and DMC (DMCii Ltd, Guildford, UK). This study investigated the possibility of calibrating MSAVI2 maps with data from handheld proximal sensor measurements of N uptake covering the main agricultural regions in Sweden during growth stages Z30-45 on the Zadok scale, in order to facilitate farmers’ decisions on N rate. More than 200 N-sensor measurements acquired during 2015 and 2016 in seven different winter wheat cultivars were combined with MSAVI2 values from CropSAT. It was found that N uptake could be predicted in a general, national model, i.e. for sites and dates other than those for which the calibration model was parameterised, with a mean absolute error of 11–15?kg?N?ha^?1. A cultivar-specific model performed better than this general model, but a regional model showed no improvement compared with the model parameterised with national data. Vegetation indices calculated from the two narrow bands of Sentinel-2 in the red edge-near infrared region of the crop canopy reflectance spectrum proved to be promising alternatives to the broadband index MSAVI2. Based on the results, we suggest that data from a monitoring programme involving handheld N sensor measurements can be integrated with a satellite-based DSS to upscale N uptake information.     

CERES-Rice模型区域应用中遗传参数升尺度的一种方法

 为了提升CERES Rice模型中遗传参数的空间尺度，以适应区域性研究需要，以江苏省为例，在具有不同水稻品种生态类型的4个稻区各选5~6个样点，以稻区为空间尺度，利用每个样点4年（2001-2004年）县级统计水稻单产资料及同期同地的气象和土壤资料，结合江苏省各地的水稻品种区域试验资料，采用试错法对CERES Rice中8个遗传参数，特别是4个与产量相关的遗传参数分别进行了调试与确定（方法1，简称稻区尺度调试法），并与传统的其他3种升尺度方法，即代表性品种单点调试法（方法2）、县级尺度调试法（方法3）和超大尺度调试法（方法4）的模拟效果进行了比较。结果显示，方法1的模拟效果较为理想，各稻区模拟产量与统计产量的相关系数均达到显著或极显著水平，均方根差值均小于9％。而其他3种方法的模拟效果均明显不如方法1。研究提出的遗传参数升尺度方法不仅适用于气候变化影响评价研究，也可为作物生长模型在其他区域研究中的应用提供方法上的借鉴。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI和MODIS数据的高寒草地盖度升尺度效应研究——以夏河县桑科草原试验区为例

基于Landsat 8OLI和MODIS卫星遥感资料,结合2013-2014年甘南州夏河县桑科草原试验区野外实测盖度数据,对草地盖度敏感的OLI波段及其组合指数进行了筛选,构建并确立了试验区基于MODIS植被指数的草地盖度反演模型,探讨了不同空间升尺度方式对草地盖度的空间效应。结果表明,1)OLI比值植被指数r(Band7/Band5)对草地盖度的响应最敏感,基于该指数的草地盖度最优反演模型为yoli=-270.064xoli+115.987(R2=0.833,P0.001);2)基于MODIS MEVI和Landsat 8OLI比值植被指数r(30m)反演的盖度重采样数据(250m)的对数模型为最优草地盖度评估模型(R~2=0.795,P0.001),其决定系数较MODIS MEVI与基于农业多光谱照相机(agricultural digital camera,ADC)的盖度数据建立的回归模型高(R~2=0.706),绝对误差和相对误差较低;3)基于OLI和MODIS植被指数的3种草地盖度回归模型(方法1~3)精度均优于直接使用MODIS植被指数建立的回归模型(方法4);方法3利用OLI比值指数r反演盖度(30m),将其升尺度至250m,再反演盖度构建的对数模型的精度最高(R~2=0.795),其次依次为方法2构建的模型(R2=0.760)、方法1构建的模型(R~2=0.730)和方法4构建的模型(R2=0.706)。     

Detecting dominant landscape objects through multiple scales: An integration of object-specific methods and watershed segmentation

Complex systems, such as landscapes, are composed of different critical levels of organization where interactions are stronger within levels than among levels, and where each level operates at relatively distinct time and spatial scales. To detect significant features occurring at specific levels of organization in a landscape, two steps are required. First, a multiscale dataset must be generated from which these features can emerge. Second, a procedure must be developed to delineate individual image-objects and identify them as they change through scale. In this paper, we introduce a framework for the automatic definition of multiscale landscape features using object-specific techniques and marker-controlled watershed segmentation. By applying this framework to a high-resolution satellite scene, image-objects of varying size and shape can be delineated and studied individually at their characteristic scale of expression. This framework involves three main steps: 1) multiscale dataset generation using an object-specific analysis and upscaling technique, 2) marker-controlled watershed transformation to automatically delineate individual image-objects as they evolve through scale, and 3) landscape feature identification to assess the significance of these image-objects in terms of meaningful landscape features. This study was conducted on an agro-forested region in southwest Quebec, Canada, using IKONOS satellite data. Results show that image-objects tend to persist within one or two scale domains, and then suddenly disappear at the next, while new image-objects emerge at coarser scale domains. We suggest that these patterns are associated to sudden shifts in the entire image structure at certain scale domains, which may correspond to critical landscape thresholds.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relationship between hydraulic and basic properties for irrigated soils in southeast Australia

This paper examines the potential of soil maps and spatial information on basic soil properties for predicting soil hydraulic properties in the Shepparton irrigation region (SE Australia). For this purpose, the relationship between locally measured soil hydraulic properties and basic soil properties, and soil categories was analyzed. Pedotransfer functions developed for Australian soil were tested. Furthermore, association of field‐scale final infiltration rates with basic soil properties was investigated. Water‐retention properties, and in particular subsoil water‐retention properties, were significantly correlated with readily available basic soil properties. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were particularly high for clay content, bulk density, and the sum of exchangeable cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺. Water‐retention properties were adequately predicted using Australian pedotransfer functions. Water‐transmission properties such the saturated conductivity and the final infiltration rate were overall poorly correlated with basic physical and chemical properties. Generally, median water‐transmission properties did not significantly change with soil groups and “within‐paddock variability” accounted for over half of the “within‐soil‐type variability” for many soil types. We concluded that it is feasible to regionalize water‐retention properties for the Shepparton irrigation region using basic physical and chemical soil properties, whereas the information on basic soil properties and from soil maps was insufficient to reliably estimate water‐transmission properties. It is demonstrated why field‐scale estimates of final infiltration rates, obtained by fitting a model for surface irrigation to field measurements of advance, depletion, and recession, may be better correlated with basic soil properties.     

Scaling up of Sustainable Land Management in the Western People's Republic of China: Evaluation of a 10‐Year Partnership

The People's Republic of China‐Global Environment Facility Partnership to Combat Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems promotes an integrated ecosystem management (IEM) approach to restore, sustain and enhance the productive capacity of dryland ecosystems. This paper provides an analysis and synthesis of the funding strategies, methods and approaches that have been applied and tested under the Partnership to pilot and scale up IEM and sustainable land management (SLM) practices in the western People's Republic of China under its first 10 years. On the basis of a mix of methods using literature reviews, data collection at selected pilot sites through household questionnaire surveys, stakeholder workshops and field sampling, the following lessons were generated: (i) mainstreaming of IEM into relevant policy and development frameworks has been the most effective way of mobilizing funding for scaling up of SLM; (ii) SLM best practices need to be combined with economic incentives for land users, and pilot demonstrations of SLM need to be integrated into larger investment programmes to achieve impacts and economies of scale; (iii) market‐based approaches to scaling up of SLM, such as payment for ecosystem services and public–private partnerships, have a role to play, but cost–benefit analysis need to be better integrated into payment schemes; (iv) the economic benefits of carbon sequestration are too low to fund eco‐compensation schemes on their own but can provide supplementary funding; and (v) land degradation and SLM monitoring and assessment systems should be multiscale to support decision‐making on SLM and to monitor impact from the local to the national level. Copyright © 2014 Asian Development Bank