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1.
To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.  相似文献   
2.
虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%,但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区(欧盟、美国、中国)海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%(2006年),美国海岸的硬化比例为14%(2015年),而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%(2014年)。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变,生境丧失和破碎化,以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁,但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏,有待进一步研究。  相似文献   
3.
Culverts reduce connectivity for aquatic animals by being both a hydraulic and physical barrier. However, altered light intensity may also be a behavioural barrier to fish movement, especially for diurnal species that have adapted to moving when it is light. We propose that knowledge of optical physiology and fish behaviour, two important mechanisms underpinning movement, can inform efforts to improve fish movement through culverts. We firstly review the sensory systems of fish with reference to visual sense and explore how this affects fish movement. We then highlight theoretical knowledge that can help us understand fish behaviour and the potential mismatch between the conditions under which fish have evolved and altered conditions within culverts. We describe potential knowledge gaps and directions for future research to improve our understanding of how culverts may affect fish movement. Finally, we explore the potential costs and ecological benefits of different mitigation options to identify those with the most promise for managing the light environment in culverts to facilitate movement. For researchers and managers exploring this subject, we suggest an approach that: (a) identifies light requirements for movement by different species, (b) tests movement under different light conditions and (c) considers an integrative assessment method for testing fish behaviour around culverts. Understanding how optical physiology, fish behaviour and culvert design influence fish movement can improve connectivity for a range of species.  相似文献   
4.
A recent population hypothesis for Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica), a critical forage species, argued that interactions between life history and circulation associated with glacial trough systems drive circumpolar distributions over the continental shelf. In the Ross Sea, aggregations of eggs and larvae occur under fast ice in Terra Nova Bay, and the hypothesis predicted that dispersing larvae encounter outflow along the western side of Drygalski Trough. The outflow advects larvae towards the shelf‐break, and mixing with trough inflow facilitates return toward the inner shelf. To examine the hypothesis, we compared samples of P. antarctica collected near Coulman Island in the outflow, along Crary Bank in the inflow, and a third set taken over the rest of the Ross Sea. We ruled out misidentification using an innovative genetic validation. Silverfish larvae comprised 99.5% of the catch, and the highest population densities were found in Drygalski Trough. The results provided no evidence to reject the population hypothesis. Abundance indices, back‐calculated hatching dates, length distributions and growth were congruent with a unified early life history in the western Ross Sea, constrained by cryopelagic early stages in Terra Nova Bay. By contrast, a sample in the Bay of Whales revealed much smaller larvae, suggesting either a geographically separate population in the eastern Ross Sea, or westward connectivity with larvae spawned nearby by fish sourced from troughs upstream in the Amundsen Sea. These results illustrate how hypotheses that integrate population structure with life history can provide precise spatial predictions for subsequent testing.  相似文献   
5.
  1. Disruption of longitudinal connectivity poses one of the most important threats to the persistence of freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Longitudinal connectivity plays a key role by facilitating ecological processes, such as migrations or energy transfer along river networks. For this reason, effective conservation of freshwater biodiversity is highly dependent on a capacity to maintain all processes associated with connectivity. Freshwater protected areas are commonly affected by disruptions of connectivity due to human activities and recent approaches to addressing connectivity when identifying priority areas have overlooked the limitations that human perturbations pose to connectivity.
  2. Here, a novel approach is presented to address this issue by accounting for the spatial distribution of barriers using Marxan, a tool commonly applied in conservation planning. This approach was first tested on a simulated example and then applied to the identification of priority areas for the conservation of freshwater vertebrates in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).
  3. When using this new approach, the number of disrupted connections within priority areas can be significantly reduced at no additional cost in terms of area needed, which would help maintain connectivity among populations of species with low–medium migratory needs.
  4. Given the widespread occurrence of barriers in the study region, the improvement in connectivity within priority areas also resulted in the selection of river reaches closer to the headwaters and the river mouth. Focusing on both extremes of the longitudinal gradient might compromise the effectiveness of conservation efforts for long‐distance migratory species, such as the European eel. This inevitably means that additional management measures, such as barrier removal or construction of fish passages, would be necessary to ensure that these species are able to complete their life cycles.
  5. The method demonstrated here could be applied to other regions where connectivity is compromised.
  相似文献   
6.
1. Despite their importance for aquatic biodiversity, ponds are among the most vulnerable freshwater habitats. Owing to their isolation in terrestrial environments, ponds are expected to be relatively well protected from biological invasions, but this depends on many factors. 2. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a range of variables (water quality, habitat, and landscape attributes) on the colonization of discrete ponds by a widespread aquatic invader, the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, which can disperse overland. 3. Investigations were conducted in two networks of ponds, each located in close proximity to a large invaded marsh. The two marshes under study differed in the length of time since the crayfish were introduced. 4. The proportions of colonized ponds and crayfish abundances were moderate in both networks, but higher in the network that had been invaded first. In both networks the distance to the marsh was the main predictor of pond colonization, considering similar energy costs to cross aquatic and terrestrial habitats for the recently invaded network, but assuming that dispersal was 25 times costlier across the terrestrial matrix than via streams for the earlier invaded network. Pond characteristics had no influence on crayfish occurrence in either network. Furthermore, predictions of pond invasion were lower for the recently invaded network. 5. The importance of the distance to the marsh indicates that natural dispersal was the main process of pond colonization by crayfish. Findings also suggested that overland dispersal was rare and costly. By contrast, streams were probably significant in facilitating crayfish dispersal. Differences between the two networks might arise from an invasion process still in progress in the recently invaded network. 6. From a management viewpoint, local actions are encouraged to prevent the spread of crayfish via streams. In addition, broader‐scale actions to mitigate other human disturbances would improve the outlook for pond biodiversity.  相似文献   
7.
草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
为研究坡面不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响,在模拟降雨条件下,选取地形收敛指数和地形湿度指数作为结构连通性指标、简化水文曲线和相对地表连接函数作为功能连通性指标分析了不同草带布设位置(坡面中上、中、中下、下部)坡沟系统水文连通性。结果表明:不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统的连通过程影响不同。植被布设越靠近沟坡部分产流时间越长;植被布设在中下坡位、下坡位比中坡位和中上坡位的总径流量小,对径流汇集影响大。中上坡位布置植被比其他位置有较好的结构连通性,其降雨后的地形更利于水系连通。不同格局地形收敛指数分布类似正态分布,地形湿度指数分布符合正偏态分布。中上坡位布置植被降雨后地形比其他格局更利于汇流;中上坡位布置植被降雨后的地形湿度指数均值比降雨前减少10.59%,整体变化最大,也更利于产流。植被布设越靠近坡顶部分其功能连通性越好,但对于降水的储蓄能力较差。中上坡位布置植被相比其他格局需要较少的水量达到产流,功能连通性最好。降雨停止时,中下部和下部坡位布设植被约有70%的总降雨量用于储蓄,而中上部和上部仅为50%。  相似文献   
8.
宁夏原州区生态移民村生境景观连接度变化及其驱动因素   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
[目的]分析生态移民土地利用过程中生境景观连接度变化及其驱动因素,为生态移民的生态风险管理及移民可持续性提供科学依据。[方法]以宁夏原州区"十二五"时期4个生态移民村(丰泽、金轮、和润及泉港)为例,基于2016年高分影像数据,同时参考移民前谷歌地球2010年数据和第二次全国土地调查数据(2010年),经野外GPS校验,通过计算障碍影响指数和生境景观连接度指数,分析生态移民村土地利用生境景观分异。[结果]丰泽村和金轮村的生境景观连接度呈下降态势,和润村和泉港村呈上升态势。4个生态移民村的变化趋势明显,但极高连接度和高连接度比例很小。生态移民村生境景观变化驱动力主要为人为因素,建设用地占用耕地、园地普遍,其中泉港村与和润村建设用地面积年均增长率分别高达27.49%和21.28%,同时金轮村、和润村、泉港村无后备土地资源,生态压力突出。[结论] 4个生态移民村人口密度增大导致建设用地占用耕地明显,生态用地被分割,移民的非农活动比重大造成耕地撂荒,景观破碎化和孤岛化现象明显,生境景观呈现出不稳定状态,生态压力增加。  相似文献   
9.
[目的]研究特大暴雨条件下小流域沟道泥沙输移路径、泥沙连通程度及其影响因素,旨在探讨水库溃坝的原因,为沟道防洪措施的布设提供依据。[方法]以陕西省子洲县"7·26"暴雨条件下小流域沟道泥沙连通情况为例,选取面积相近、形状相异的清水沟和蛇家沟小流域,对沟道泥沙淤积情况进行现场调查,同时将沟道分为坝地沟段和自然沟段,选取流域面积与形状系数、沟道比降,以及淤地坝的类型与分布进行对比分析两个小流域沟道泥沙连通性的差异。[结果]在此次特大暴雨条件下,清水沟和蛇家沟的淤地坝大都呈现打开状态,由上游到下游清水沟泥沙连通性呈现较强的增长趋势,蛇家沟泥沙连通性则呈现先增长后减弱的趋势。整体上清水沟的泥沙连通性比蛇家沟的强,且清水沟流域的土壤侵蚀也较为严重。串联和混联坝系以及修建有卧管、竖井和排水渠的淤地坝防洪能力更强。[结论]流域面积、流域形状和沟道比降均影响着沟道泥沙的连通性,而淤地坝类型及分布是影响沟道泥沙连通性的主导因子。  相似文献   
10.
Riverine systems are inherently dendritic in nature, and turbid water may not necessarily flow equally throughout an entire catchment. Tributaries have the potential to serve as refugia from temporarily turbid water in the main stem. As ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) are one of the important species for the inland fisheries industry and recreational fishing, their behaviour in a branched river network is a primary concern. We released ayu with radio‐transmitting tags into two experimental streams that joined at a downstream pool. Turbid water was released into one of the streams, and we identified whether avoidance movement of ayu between the two experimental streams was triggered by flowing turbid water. The suspended solid concentration elevated rapidly after adding the turbid water and was maintained at more than 400 mg/L for 3 hr. Avoidance movement of ayu was triggered when the suspended solid concentration exceeded approximately 200 mg/L. Then, most ayu moved from the turbid stream to the nonturbid one, leading to a difference in ayu density between the two streams. Therefore, we demonstrated that turbid water induced interstream movement of a commercially important ayu as refuge behaviour, suggesting that river connectivity is important for the persistence of the ayu.  相似文献   
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