基于高通量测序及分离培养初步研究美国大豆中真菌多样性

中国是全球最大的大豆进口国,进境大豆所携带的病原真菌传入我国的风险极高。基于高通量测序技术对6批美国大豆真菌多样性进行分析,同时采用分离培养获得单一菌株,依据菌落形态、显微结构及分子技术进行鉴定。高通量测序结果显示,大豆中所有真菌共计5门15纲35目63科112属155种,主要为链格孢属(Alternaria)、球腔菌科(Mycosphaerellaceae)、小戴卫霉科(Davidiellaceae)、小囊菌科(Plectosphaerellaceae)、赤霉属(Gibberella)、附球霉属(Epicoccum)、间座壳属(Diaporthe)、隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)。分离培养结果显示,得到真菌共计40株10种,分别是大豆北方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.caulivora)、大豆南方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.meridionalis)、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌(Diaporthe longicolla/Phomopsis longicolla)、大豆炭腐病菌(Macrophomina phaseolina)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、菌核菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、附球菌(Epicoccum sp.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、小双胞腔菌(Didymella sp.)。     

极小种群植物“川柿”生物学特性及种子萌发方法研究

摘 要：【目的】为了保护和发展极小种群植物川柿，开展此研究。【方法】采用观测法，连续3年对其生物学特性研究；种子萌发方法：（1）后熟0、30、45、60天，剥离清洗播种；（2）后熟60天，以GA300、600、1000 mg/L溶液浸种1h；播种基质为河沙（保持一定湿度），放置室内，统计萌发时间和出苗率。【结果】（1）川柿花期4-5月，10月为果熟期，单果直径32.7±5.80mm，单果重23.0±5.30g；种子肾形、千粒重1070g；成年植株呈隔年开花、结果现象；（2）种子经“后熟+河沙播种”，可萌发，其中以后熟60天的出苗率较高，为65%；直接播种种子，出苗率5%；“后熟+GA溶液浸种+河沙播种”，出苗率均高于65%，其中以GA600mg/L浸泡1h处理，出苗率最高为83.3%。【结论】极小种群植物川柿为常绿叶乔木，有隔年开花、结果现象； “果后熟60天+GA600mg/L浸泡种子1h +室内河沙播种”可提高种子萌发率，为川柿种子繁殖提供参考。     

番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus)的新寄主:水茄(Solanum torvum Swartz)

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a plant virus that is mainly propagated by Bemisia tabaci in a semi-persistent and non-circulative manner.It has a wide range of host plants,and has been reported in many countries,causing serious economic losses in vegetable production.In 2019,we investigated about 10 fields,one ha each in Shouguang,Shandong province (China),and in each field we observed symptoms of interveinal chlorosis on lower leaves of the Solanum torvum Swartz,and a large number of B.tabaci gathered on the back of its leaves.To determine the presence of ToCV,total RNA of S.torvum was extracted followed by RT-PCR.The 1 074 (GenBank accessions number MN545620) and 466 bp (GenBank accessions number MN545621) fragments were gel purified and sequenced.The sequences shared 99.44% and 99.57% similarity with ToCV reference sequence tomato chlorosis virus segment RNA1 (AY903447) and RNA2 (AY903448).The results of insect transmission test confirmed that ToCV can spread from S. torvum to tomato.This study confirms S.torvum as a newly reported host of ToCV.     

根瘤菌的分类、鉴定及应用技术研究现状

豆科植物(legumines)作为重要的粮食及经济作物,一直以来被广受重视。根瘤菌(Rhizbium)是一类普遍存在于土壤中的革兰氏阴性杆菌,可与豆科植物形成共生固氮体系,不仅可以提高植物的产量而且对周边生态环境无影响。根瘤菌与豆科植物的共生体系是生物固氮效率最高的,占生物固氮总量的65%以上。深入研究这种共生固氮体系对中国农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。近年来,越来越多的学者参与到根瘤菌的分类、鉴定以及应用技术的研究。本文主要从根瘤菌的分类、形态水平、生理生化水平、细胞组分、核酸分子水平的鉴定和根瘤菌的应用等方面进行了综述,为根瘤菌的实际应用提供参考依据。     

城市池塘水质时间变化特性--以扬州大学江阳路南校区池塘为例

城市中的池塘是城市水体的重要组成部分,为揭示城市化背景下池塘水体水质的时间变化特性,选取扬州大学江阳路南校区池塘为研究区,对该池塘2018年7月至2019年6月的水质参数蓝绿藻浓度(Phyco)、水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、pH与电导率(EC)进行观测,采用变异系数法、单因子水质标识指数法以及多元线性回归法对各参数的变化特性进行评价。结果显示:池塘WT呈季节性变化;观测期间pH变化范围为7.74~9.98,水体呈碱性;DO变化的随机性较强,未表现出明显变化规律;各水质参数变异性及权重从大到小依次为WT>DO>EC>pH;以DO为指标的单因子水质标识指数结果表明:池塘DO达到Ⅲ类水要求的时段占总观测时段的84%;多元线性回归分析结果表明:DO与WT、pH呈正相关,与Phyco呈负相关,Phyco及pH的变化对DO浓度的影响相对于WT大。     

采用胚挽救获得Ogura CMS甘蓝与甘蓝型油菜的种间杂种

为将甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系(Ogura CMS)的恢复基因转至甘蓝Ogura CMS材料上,以6份甘蓝Ogura CMS材料为母本,以含恢复基因的甘蓝型油菜为父本,人工杂交结合胚挽救培养,研究取材时期、培养基成分和杂交组合对胚珠成苗的影响,同时对胚挽救培养获得的植株是否为真实F1杂种进行鉴定。结果发现,胚珠培养以剥蕾授粉后16d取材时胚珠成苗数最多,成苗率为4.56%;培养基以MS+GA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+0.5%水解酪蛋白(CH)+0.5%活性炭(AC)成苗效果最好,成苗率高达6.24%;M09CMS×RFO-46组合成苗数最多,成苗率为5.96%。67株胚挽救培养得到的植株经流式细胞仪、SSR分子标记和形态学鉴定,得出65株为真杂种,真杂种率高达97%。     

Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

Dissolved oxygen controls summer habitat of Clear Lake Hitch (Lavinia exilicauda chi), an imperilled potamodromous cyprinid

Clear Lake Hitch is an imperilled minnow endemic to Clear Lake, Lake County, California, United States listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act (ESA) and a candidate for listing under the United States ESA. It exhibits a potamodromous life cycle whereby adults, which reach up to 6 + years in age and over 350 mm in length, migrate into Clear Lake's ephemeral tributaries briefly during spring to spawn. Conservation and management of Clear Lake Hitch is inhibited, in part, by a lack of information on the lacustrine habitat of nonbreeding individuals within Clear Lake. To address this problem, we sampled Clear Lake Hitch with gill nets in a stratified random sampling design to determine the distribution and habitat associations in early summer 2017 and 2018. We identified abundance-habitat relationships for juveniles and adults using Bayesian zero-inflated negative binomial generalised linear mixed modelling. Results indicated that dissolved oxygen concentration was the most important habitat feature measured; juveniles and adults were substantially more abundant in normoxic (≥2 mg/l) than in hypoxic (<2 mg/l) habitat. Both also exhibited weak positive relationships with chlorophyll fluorescence, suggesting relatively productive habitats may support higher numbers of Clear Lake Hitch. Spatially, juveniles were most abundant in nearshore habitats while adults were ubiquitous, indicating an ontogenetic habitat expansion that may be associated with a resource availability-predation risk trade-off. Management actions undertaken to improve hypoxia problems in Clear Lake would also improve Clear Lake Hitch habitat.     

Phaeosphaeria sp.HD-06菌株对马唐的致病性分析及初步鉴定

为了得到能够有效抑制马唐Digitaria sanguinalis生长的生防微生物,在农田采集马唐种子,进行萌发试验,观察种子的萌发状况,从发病的种子和马唐幼苗基部分离致病菌,通过形态学观察以及ITS序列分析对致病菌进行鉴定。结果从罹病的马唐幼苗基部分离得到一株致病菌HD-06,该菌株的发酵液用水稀释至60%浓度时,对马唐种子的萌发抑制率和幼苗发病率均达到100%,这说明菌株HD-06对马唐有较好的生物防治作用。根据其形态学特点及ITS序列分析结果,鉴定菌株HD-06为暗球腔菌属Phaeosphaeria的真菌。这些结果为深入研究其对马唐的防治作用奠定了基础。     

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区主要竹种资源与利用

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区是世界主要的竹资源分布区，以瓜多竹为代表的560多竹种资源占全球竹种的33%，其中巴西、哥伦比亚、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔、墨西哥等国竹林面积和竹种数量位居该地区前列。与亚洲相比，拉丁美洲和加勒比地区现代竹产业发展起步较晚，规模和效益有限。面向未来，该区竹资源主要分布国家的政府正在制定和实施相关政策和战略，助力竹区发展经济、缓解贫困和保护环境。