北方土石山区植株密度对坡面流粒径分选的影响

为研究和阐明植株密度对坡面流粒径分选的影响,通过野外10°草地坡面恒流放水冲刷试验,定量研究3种植株密度(0株/m~2,20株/m~2,60株/m~2)在不同流量下(1m~3/h,2m~3/h,3m~3/h)的坡面流粒径分选性规律,从水动力学和侵蚀方式演变角度分析了植株密度对坡面流粒径分选性的影响。试验结果表明:(1)苜蓿草地侵蚀泥沙中细粉粒组分含量最多,其次是粗粉和细砂组分含量,而粗砂和粘粒组分含量最少。固定流量下,随着植株密度的增加,各粒径组分百分比及平均重量粒径(MWD)随时间的波动性增加,在侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒组分(粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒,粒径50μm)富集比ER相应增加,而粗颗粒组分(细砂、粗砂,粒径50μm)富集比ER有所减少。固定植株密度条件下,随着流量增加,各粒径组分百分比及MWD随时间的波动性减小,侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒组分富集比ER相应增加,而粗颗粒组分富集比ER增加,细颗粒组分富集比基本大于1,而粗颗粒组分富集比基本小于1。MWD与细颗粒含量呈负相关关系,与粗颗粒含量呈正相关。(2)细沟阶段侵蚀泥沙MWD明显大于片蚀阶段,而粒径分选过程的波动性较小。(3)水流剪切力τ及水流功率ω的增加导致片蚀阶段的缩短和细沟阶段的延长(除植株密度为60株/m~2),水流剪切力τ及水流功率ω的增加导致水流侵蚀力的增加,进而水流分离、输移粗颗粒增加。     

Effects of freeze-thaw on soil erosion processes and sediment selectivity under simulated rainfall

The freeze-thaw(FT) processes affect an area of 46.3% in China. It is essential for soil and water conservation and ecological construction to elucidate the mechanisms of the FT processes and its associated soil erosion processes. In this research, we designed the control simulation experiments to promote the understanding of FT-water combined erosion processes. The results showed that the runoff of freeze-thaw slope(FTS) decreased by 8% compared to the control slope(CS), and the total sediment yield of the FTS was 1.10 times that of the CS. The sediment yield rate from the FTS was significantly greater than that from the CS after 9 min of runoff(P0.01). Both in FTS and CS treatments, the relationships between cumulative runoff and sediment yield can be fitted well with power functions(R20.98, P0.01). Significant differences in the mean weight diameter(MWD) values of particles were observed for washed particles and splashed particles between the CS and the FTS treatments in the erosion process(P0.05). The mean MWD values under CS were smaller than those under FTS for both washed and splashed particles. The ratio of the absolute value of a regression coefficient between the CS and the FTS was 1.15, being roughly correspondent with the ratio of K between the two treatments. Therefore, the parameter a of the power function between cumulative runoff and sediment yield could be an acceptable indicator for expressing the soil erodibility. In conclusion, the FTS exhibited an increase in soil erosion compared to the CS.     

基于模拟降雨的北京褐土坡地土壤团粒流失特征试验

选取20°北京典型褐土坡面径流小区为试验对象,基于野外人工模拟降雨试验和有无雨滴打击作用对坡面侵蚀的影响,研究了坡面土壤团粒组成及其变化特征,揭示了坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙团粒的分离和输移规律。试验处理包括3种代表性降雨强度(35、65、100 mm/h)和3种植被盖度(0%、30%、80%)。结果表明,消除雨滴打击作用后,坡面侵蚀特征变化明显,坡面含沙量和土壤分离率分别减少25.91%~31.15%和35.10%~41.20%,坡面侵蚀泥沙团粒中值粒径均小于雨滴击溅坡面。通过侵蚀泥沙有效粒径分布和最终粒径分布的比值(E/U)分析泥沙团粒的粒径分选特征,发现产流初始阶段粗砂、细砂、细粉粒和粘粒多以团聚体形式存在,而粗粉砂以初级粒子形式存在;随着降雨历时延长,侵蚀泥沙各粒级的分离程度增加,泥沙颗粒逐步分解为初级粒子。坡面侵蚀泥沙分离规律表明,泥沙团粒结构变化与坡面水动力学特征密切相关,土壤团聚体分形维数(D)与时间(T)呈幂函数关系。坡面产流前雨滴击溅对土壤分离有重要作用,其对土壤分离贡献率为28.09%,而无雨滴打击坡面土壤团聚体分形维数增量是有雨滴打击增量的48.43%。在该区坡地泥沙颗粒输移过程中,稳定性较差的砂粒被分解为细小颗粒,粗粉砂多以初级粒子形式存在,对坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒分离过程具有重要影响,而粘粒在侵蚀坡面则逐渐富集。