关于雨滴降落问题的MATLAB解法

目的 利用MATLAB软件探求雨滴降落问题的解法.方法 选用MATLAB来编程计算雨滴降落时的下落终极速度与下降距离的关系,并通过图像直观显现.结果 可以通过数值计算和图像非常清晰看到,雨滴降落终极速度是一常量.结论 利用MATLAB软件可以拓展物理教学和学生学习物理方法,是物理教学的一种新途径.     

单颗粒液滴飞溅对颗粒起动的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,探究单颗粒液滴飞溅对泥沙颗粒起动的影响。试验共设计4种地表坡度（0,15°,25°,35°）及4种粒径的均匀沙（0.098~0.104,0.104~0.5,0.5~0.78,1~1.4 mm）,选取当量直径为4.5 mm的液滴进行模拟试验,同时利用高吸水树脂材料泡发后的水球作为对照组。结果表明,颗粒直径和坡度的变化对颗粒起动的影响较为显著,飞溅子液滴对液滴溅蚀具有重要意义。随着颗粒直径的增大,颗粒的起动逐渐由液滴冲击和子液滴飞溅裹挟共同作用转变为液滴冲击动能传递为主,飞溅携带为辅。当颗粒直径相同时,坡度的增大导致飞溅沙粒不再均衡,斜坡下方的颗粒飞溅量和位移随坡度的增大而增大。坡度越大,下方颗粒溅蚀深度与上方的差距也越大,导致上方颗粒失去支撑,整体失稳垮塌,发生微小滑坡。同种粒径时,树脂水球溅蚀坑的宽深比明显小于相同直径的液滴溅蚀坑,液滴溅蚀量远大于树脂水球直接撞击作用下起动的颗粒量,子液滴的拖曳对颗粒起动具有重要意义。     

Effects of canopy interception on energy conversion processes in a Chinese fir plantation ecosystem

The functions of canopy interception on energy conversion processes in a Chinese fir plantation ecosystem were studied with the aid of long-term observation data in Huitong. The results showed that the absorbed, penetrated and reflected amounts of solar radiation were, respectively, 2.5543 × 10⁹ J/(m²·year) (absorption rate of 0.827), 2.5306 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (penetration rate of 0.082), and 2.7432 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (reflection rate of 0.091) by the canopy. The conversion of net solar radiation to latent heat in the process of evaporation from canopy interception amounted to 6.3695 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (accounting for 22.9% of total ecosystem net radiation and 30.4% of ecosystem evaporation), which was an important part of the budget of the energy system. Canopy interception consumed kinetic energy of raindrops in overcoming resistance of branches and leaves, which collected raindrops, followed with the conversion of potential energy in raindrops to kinetic energy with falling raindrops. In general, the diameter of raindrops from the canopy is larger than that of the raindrops above the canopy as a result of the collection effort by the canopy. The kinetic energy of raindrops from the canopy, therefore, was higher than that of raindrops in the atmosphere. The drop-size distribution from the canopy was affected by the structure of the canopy layer rather than the amount of precipitation and precipitation intensity. The canopy had no important nor efficient effects on decreasing the kinetic energy of raindrops in our case study with a first branch height of 7 m and precipitation amounts over 3 mm. However, the canopy would play a key role in decreasing kinetic energy of raindrops in two cases, that of a small amount of precipitation and one of heavy precipitation intensity, in which the canopy could intercept the largest amount of precipitation in the former condition and the canopy could scatter bigger raindrops to smaller raindrops with striking leaves in the case of heavy precipitation. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(2): 15–20 [译自: 林业科学]     

关于对雨滴溅蚀数学模型的改进意见

据吴普特等的模型与资料,本文将坡面雨滴溅蚀数学模型改进为S_r=7.459（EI）^0.054S^0.471-150.048     

滤纸法新雨滴取样器的试验研究

 雨滴色斑面积叠合度是影响滤纸法测算雨滴滴谱精度的主要因素。采用人工降雨试验,建立了锥体式雨滴取样器优化数学模型,并运用正交设计优化法求得锥体坡度为45°,锥体高度为52mm;在相同试验条件下,进行了锥体式雨滴取样器与平板式雨滴取样器的对比试验,当雨滴中数直径分别为4.2mm和1.7mm时,φ150mm滤纸上的雨滴色斑面积叠合量平均可减少60.6mm2和42.0mm2,表明锥体式雨滴取样器优于平板式雨滴取样器。     

Mechanisms and processes of crust formation on artificial aggregates

Crust formation process initiates from aggregate disinategration occurred through the combined effects of inherent soil properties and external actions. Rainfall plays a major role in determining the moisture conditions of the soil surface and in triggering aggregate disintegration mainly through slaking and the impact off raindrops. To analyze the relations between rainfall characteristics and crust formation, three artificially granulated aggregates were exposed to natural rainfall events. The rainfall characteristics were expressed in terms of the distribution pattern of rainfall intensity, I _10min; mean weighted drop diameters, D _n; raindrop concentration, N _Dn,; rainfall energy, Et;and kinetic energy, KE; as well as conventionally used parameters, such as total amount and mean intensity of rainfall. The degree of crusting was evaluated in terms of the water permeability and morphological observation just after the rainfall treatment. Based on a comparison of the rainfall characteristics and degree of crusting, we confirmed the following relations. Rainfall characteristics at the onset of the event considerably influence the degree of crusting, i.e. initial rainfall with high I _10min; and large drop size promotes aggregate disintegration by slaking due to rapid wetting, whereas initial gentle rainfall prevents slaking by slow wetting and subsequent crusting. When initial rainfall is not saaficient for slaking but Beads to a weakening sf the aggregates, subsequent disintegration and crusting are promoted by impact together with the residual influence of slaking. Impact is a dominant factor for aggregate disintegration under wet conditions after initial rainfall which is so gentle that slaking never occurs. Responses of the soils under different natural rainfall conditions were almost consistent with the results under simulated rainfall reported in the previous papers (Tanaka et $1.1997: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 43, 99-107, 109-115). Crusting was not observed in the Fujino 1–3 soil gender any rainfall events. In the Wokuei 1–3 soil, characterized by a susceptibility to slaking and stability to impact, crusting was only formed under the rainfall with high I _{10 min} at the onset. For the Shimazu 1 soil, impact played a dominant role in crusting under any rainfall events, and a larger degree of crusting was found when the effects of impact and slaking were combined. The characteristics of rainfall monitored in this study may be within a normal range as natural rainfall in terms of the amount and the mean intensity, suggesting that crusting likely to occur if the aggregate stability of soils is Bower than or similar to that sf the Shimaza 1 and the Hokuei 1–3 soils.     

基于模拟降雨的北京褐土坡地土壤团粒流失特征试验

选取20°北京典型褐土坡面径流小区为试验对象,基于野外人工模拟降雨试验和有无雨滴打击作用对坡面侵蚀的影响,研究了坡面土壤团粒组成及其变化特征,揭示了坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙团粒的分离和输移规律。试验处理包括3种代表性降雨强度(35、65、100 mm/h)和3种植被盖度(0%、30%、80%)。结果表明,消除雨滴打击作用后,坡面侵蚀特征变化明显,坡面含沙量和土壤分离率分别减少25.91%~31.15%和35.10%~41.20%,坡面侵蚀泥沙团粒中值粒径均小于雨滴击溅坡面。通过侵蚀泥沙有效粒径分布和最终粒径分布的比值(E/U)分析泥沙团粒的粒径分选特征,发现产流初始阶段粗砂、细砂、细粉粒和粘粒多以团聚体形式存在,而粗粉砂以初级粒子形式存在;随着降雨历时延长,侵蚀泥沙各粒级的分离程度增加,泥沙颗粒逐步分解为初级粒子。坡面侵蚀泥沙分离规律表明,泥沙团粒结构变化与坡面水动力学特征密切相关,土壤团聚体分形维数(D)与时间(T)呈幂函数关系。坡面产流前雨滴击溅对土壤分离有重要作用,其对土壤分离贡献率为28.09%,而无雨滴打击坡面土壤团聚体分形维数增量是有雨滴打击增量的48.43%。在该区坡地泥沙颗粒输移过程中,稳定性较差的砂粒被分解为细小颗粒,粗粉砂多以初级粒子形式存在,对坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒分离过程具有重要影响,而粘粒在侵蚀坡面则逐渐富集。     

Causes of recurring drought patterns in Xinjiang, China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, with its unique topography and geographical location receives very less precipitation in summer as compared with other parts of China. The region is a land locked where moisture is supplied only by westerly winds from Atlantic Ocean as the moisture coming from Indian Ocean is mostly blocked by the Himalayas Range and the Tibetan plateau. In such a scenario, Xinjiang faces severe drought conditions offering significant challenges to water management. In this paper, we analyzed the drought periods in Xinjiang and discussed the various factors that might have influenced precipitation over the past forty-four years. For this purpose, we defined three periods of consecutive four years for high and low precipitation intensities. The average observed precipitation was 1.05 mm/day and 0.7 mm/day in summer (June-July-August) for the Tianshan Mountain region and Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, respectively. The drought conditions indicated that high sea level pressure, wind divergence and low convection were the prominent features that caused the droughts, which often do not allow the condensation process to coagulate the tiny water droplets into relatively large raindrops reducing the amount of precipitation in the region. The period of 1983-1986 is the lowest precipitation interval indicating the severe drought in the western Xinjiang (i.e western Tianshan Mountain region), for which, less moisture availability, strong divergence and less convection could be the most influencing factors.     

雨滴撞击植物叶片的运动过程监测装置的研制北大核心CSCD

植物对降雨动能的耗散削减是其重要的水土保持机制,然而缺乏相应的观测测量装置,使得对叶片动能的耗散过程认识并不清楚。为了研究植物叶片在雨滴撞击后的运动过程以及叶片运动能量的变化,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)压电薄膜传感器为基础,研制有效检测雨滴撞击之后叶片的运动以及能量耗散测定的装置,对女贞叶片在雨滴击打下的振动进行测量并验证该装置可行性。在对雨滴撞击叶片过程仔细分析研究的基础上,进行监测装置的模块化自主设计,整个监测装置由雨滴发生、叶片运动的监测捕捉和信号的收集处理三个模块组成,其中雨滴发生模块可根据实际情况进行取舍(也可直接测定天然降雨)。薄膜传感系统输出的电压信号包含了雨滴撞击,小水滴飞溅以及薄水层扩散等方面信息。系统输出的电压是背景的几倍到几十倍,电压上峰值和雨滴动能存在明显的线性关系(R^(2)=0.959),信号频域分析发现该系统也能有效捕获连续雨滴撞击树叶的振动信号特征。对于不同动能的雨滴,重复之间的变异系数为<10%的弱变异和10%~100%的中等变异,说明整个装置具有良好的系统稳定性。女贞叶片耗散的能量与雨滴输入能量之间具有明显函数关系,叶片所耗散的动能仅占初始雨滴动能的3%~5%,这可能与没有监测以叶柄扭动、振动的过程有关。该装置可监测雨滴撞击叶片所引起的运动情况和叶片对雨滴动能的耗散特征,有利于深入认识植物对降雨动能耗散的机制。     

坡面草本植物对土壤分离及侵蚀动力的影响研究

植被是影响坡面水力侵蚀过程的重要因素,深入理解草本植物坡面不同降雨和径流特性对土壤分离的作用是研究土壤侵蚀动力学的基础。为此基于坡面土壤分离试验,通过定量测定2种草本植物草冠、根系对降雨和径流的影响,研究了不同侵蚀力作用下的土壤分离特征。结果表明,草本植物对坡面径流和泥沙具有重要的调控作用,相同覆盖度下狗尾草坡面的径流含沙量低于青蒿坡面(P0.05)。对比草本植物结构对坡面土壤分离的影响,植物根系对坡面的减沙贡献率均高于其冠层(P0.05),其中,青蒿草冠对于坡面降雨的阻滞作用高于狗尾草草冠(P0.05),而狗尾草根系的减沙效益高于青蒿根系(P0.05),这主要与草本植物叶面积指数(LAI)及根系形态分布有关,不同植物的根长密度与土壤分离率呈指数函数关系。坡面土壤分离过程受到侵蚀阻力的影响,在草本植物覆盖坡面,随着植物覆盖度的增加,颗粒阻力和波阻力均呈增大趋势。降雨侵蚀力和径流剪切力是坡面土壤分离的主要侵蚀动力,不同试验条件下草本植物对降雨和径流侵蚀力的降低值为189.21~698.92 J·mm/(m2·min)和6.27~20.38 kg/(m·s2),减弱系数分别为22.75%~84.04%和19.68%~63.97%。