Introduction to the International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health and research progress in lipid science and health

The International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health (ISLSH), which was organized annually by Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (OCRI-CAAS) since 2016, has gained a strong reputation and attracted hundreds of delegates from around the world for discussion of lipid research trends and advances every year, to promote research and academic exchanges in the fields of lipid science and health. The 5th International Symposium on lipid Science and Health was successfully held in Wuhan, China, from October 23rd to 25th, 2020, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of OCRI-CAAS. The two-day symposium gathered well-known experts specialized in lipid science to share the current state of lipid research with emphasis on aspects covering: (1) lipid profiling and characterization, (2) lipid preparation and modification, (3) lipid improvement and regulation, and (4) lipid nutrition and health. The symposium was conducted by a combination of on-site and network meeting. More than 250 distinguished delegates from academia and industry participated in the on-site multidisciplinary meeting, and thousands of scholars attended the virtual event. This paper is as a record of the symposium proceedings and a brief summary of the advances and trends in 4 aspects of lipid science and health.     

改性纤维素的吸附性能及应用研究进展

纤维素作为天然生物基材料来源广泛,纤维素的改性及其在吸附方面的应用一直作为研究的热点。笔者介绍了纤维素基本结构,综述了纤维素化学改性方法以及改性纤维素对水体污染物吸附能力的提高。重点从改性纤维素良好的吸附性、吸附机理以及对水体中金属离子和水体中氮磷的吸附性展开叙述。提出了改性纤维素可应用于土壤当中,以期为土壤改良、作物高产提供全面的科学解释;同时改性纤维素可与肥料相结合,提高肥料利用率减缓因施肥造成的面源污染等问题。     

Dietary β‐carotene improves growth performance and antioxidant status of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary synthetic β‐carotene on growth performance, haematological and immunological parameters, energy reserves and antioxidant status of juvenile fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Two hundred and ten fish (12.24 ± 2.98 g) were fed with a control extruded feed (CEF) and the same diet supplemented with β‐carotene (BEF) for 90 days. A higher weight gain and specific growth rate were found in fish fed BEF in comparison with those fed CEF. In addition, BEF‐fed fish showed lower liver somatic index and a higher percentage of eosinophils. No statistical differences were found in energy reserves, except for plasma triglycerides which decreased in fish fed with BEF. Regarding oxidative stress markers, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes were found in intestine and gills of BEF‐fed fish (SOD and GST, respectively). In the liver, both LPO levels and CAT activity decreased in fish fed with BEF. Additionally, lower brain LPO levels without changes in the antioxidant enzymes were observed in BEF‐fed fish. The inclusion of dietary synthetic β‐carotene improved growth and antioxidant status, and had a plasma triglyceride‐lowering effect in juvenile P. mesopotamicus.     

基于辐射和温度的ET0模型在吐鲁番地区的比较与修正

利用吐鲁番地区3个气象站2000—2015年逐日气象资料,以FAO-56 Penman-Monteith(FAO-56 PM)模型为标准,对6种ET_0模型(M-A模型、P-T模型、M-H模型、H-S模型、Traj模型和B-H模型)进行评价并修正,采用均方根误差(RMSE)、绝对平均误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)评价指标和Wilcoxon非参数检验法比较年、月尺度上各模型修正前后的估算精度,以筛选适用吐鲁番地区ET_0简化估算模型。结果表明:吐鲁番地区ET_0的主要影响因子是R_s(太阳辐射),其次是e_s(饱和水汽压)和R_n(作物表面净辐射);修正前,年尺度上,M-H模型的估算精度最高;月尺度上,各模型误差较大且与FAO-56 PM模型存在显著差异,适用性较差;修正后,各模型在年、月尺度上的精度均有明显提高,无显著差异,其中修正后的P-T、M-H和B-H模型估算精度最高,可作为吐鲁番地区ET_0简化估算模型。     

膨润土改性及对水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

目的 提高膨润土对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能。方法 采用氢氧化钠和壳聚糖对膨润土进行改性，分别得到碱改性膨润土（B-NaOH）、壳化膨润土（B-CS）和壳化碱改性膨润土（B-NaOH-CS）。以钠基膨润土（B）为对照，利用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和比表面积分析仪表征3种改性膨润土的理化性质，研究其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能。结果 B-NaOH-CS中出现了强N—H吸收峰以及增强的C—H对称弯曲峰，同时B-NaOH-CS表面片状结构卷曲分散，层间孔隙增多，比表面积是其他膨润土的1.2倍以上。当Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1时，B-NaOH-CS对Cr（Ⅵ）的平衡吸附量为1.03 mg·g^-1，分别是B-CS、B-NaOH的1.26、1.84倍。描述膨润土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的动力学过程，准二级动力学模型优于准一级动力学模型；描述膨润土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的热力学过程，Langmuir等温模型优于Freundlich等温模型。热力学参数△H>0、△G<0、△S>0，表明膨润土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）为吸热、自发、无序反应。B-NaOH在pH=7.0时对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量最大，B-CS、B-NaOH-CS在pH = 3.0时对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量最大。结论 B-NaOH-CS对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果最好，改性膨润土对去除Cr（Ⅵ）污染有重要作用。     

汽车变速器齿轮修形仿真分析

汽车变速器的关键部件齿轮因其加工和装配质量的影响,工作时容易引起振动噪声大及承载能力降低等问题,而齿轮修形是解决这些问题的有效方法,且成本较低。针对某款汽车变速器,利用Romax对齿轮进行修形分析。结果表明,修形后减小了齿轮的传动误差和最大接触应力,齿面载荷分布更加合理。有效改善了齿轮的传动性能,增加了齿轮寿命。     

Dietary profile of n‐3 series LC‐PUFAs in rainbow trout under regular stripping condition: Semen production and quality,hepato‐somatic index,haemato‐immunologic values,oxidative stress and fatty acid composition of liver,muscle and semen

In this study, the semen production and quality, hepato‐somatic index, haemato‐immunologic values, oxidative stress and the fatty acid contents in liver, muscle and semen of rainbow trout fed diets supplemented n‐3 series long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs) under regular stripping condition were investigated. For this aim, three diets (Control, D1 and D2) were prepared. These diets were contained n‐3 LC‐PUFAs (as a percentage of dietary total fatty acid) at 3.14%, 7.84% and 13.63% respectively. Experimental fish were fed with the control and test diets. The highest hepato‐somatic index, spermatologic (semen pH and volume, sperm motility and density), haematologic (haematocrit value, haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, corpuscular volume, haemoglobin and its concentration in corpuscular), immunologic (nitroblue tetrazolium activity, leucocyte count, phagocytic index, protein and immunoglobulin [IgM] in total plasma) and antioxidants (reduced glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) values were found in fish fed the D2, D1 and control diets respectively (p < 0.01). Increase in the dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs was not significantly (p > 0.01) increased the oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) in fish. The results indicated that the n‐3 LC‐PUFAs at 13.63% level of total fatty acid in the diet could increase the semen production and quality, hepato‐somatic index, haematologic and immunologic values, and the n‐3 LC‐PUFA contents in liver, muscle and semen of rainbow trout broodstock under regular stripping condition.     

牛磺酸对急性氨中毒的鲫和草鱼抗氧化及炎症相关基因表达影响的比较

为了比较牛磺酸对急性氨中毒的鲫和草鱼缓释作用的差异,实验分别构建了4个处理组,组1实验鱼通过腹腔注射生理盐水,组2注射醋酸铵(鲫7 mmol/g,草鱼9 mmol/g),组3注射醋酸铵和牛磺酸(100μg/g),组4注射牛磺酸。毒性实验持续96 h。结果显示,组2鲫肝脏中SOD、CuZnSOD和CAT基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1和组3;组2和组3鲫肝脏中GPx基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1;组1鲫大脑中SOD、CuZnSOD、CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量最高;组2草鱼肝脏中SOD、CuZnSOD、CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量显著高于其他组;组2和组4草鱼大脑中SOD和CuZnSOD基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1和组3;组3草鱼大脑中CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量最高;此外,组2鲫和草鱼肝脏及大脑中TNF和IL基因mRNA表达量均显著高于其他组。研究表明,鱼类氨中毒会扰乱机体的抗氧化酶系统和免疫应答,引起氧化损伤和炎症反应;草鱼通过提高抗氧化相关基因表达以应对氨中毒;牛磺酸能够有效缓解氨中毒对鲫和草鱼造成的氧化伤害,但牛磺酸并不能降低氨中毒对鲫和草鱼造成的炎症反应。     

表观遗传修饰在骨骼肌细胞增殖分化过程中的研究进展

骨骼肌是肌肉的主要构成部分，骨骼肌细胞发生增殖和分化的过程都是肌肉发育的基础，直接影响着家养动物的产肉性能。研究发现表观遗传修饰作用对骨骼肌细胞增殖分化具有重要的调控作用，表明该遗传修饰作用对家养动物肌肉发育具有重大的意义。作者从DNA甲基化对骨骼肌细胞增殖分化影响、组蛋白乙酰化所含因子调控基因选择表达作用、非编码RNA调控和染色体重塑作用所起的影响等方面分别介绍了表观遗传在骨骼肌细胞增殖分化过程中的研究进展，简述了不同修饰方式和不同作用因子对骨骼肌增殖和分化两个过程的影响。同时也回顾了前人在研究骨骼肌增殖分化过程所用到的方法和手段，进而分析了表观调控作用因子在骨骼肌生长过程中所起到的作用。旨在进一步阐述表观遗传修饰在骨骼肌增殖和分化过程中所起到的重要作用，增强对骨骼肌增殖分化调控过程的了解，为和动物生产实际相结合提供参考途径，同时也为骨骼肌生长发育等分子调控提供更多参考素材。     

Effects of genetically modified and non‐genetically modified soybeans with different heat treatments on growth and health of Cyprinidae species with different feeding habits

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of non‐genetically modified (nGM) soybean (Youchun 06‐1) and genetically modified (GM) soybean (Roundup Ready^®) with and without a heat treatment on the growth and health of three Cyprinidae species with different feeding habits (grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus, gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio, and black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus; body weight: 283.0 ± 2.0 g, 60.5 ± 0.7 g, and 261.4 ± 3.1 g). Five diets (FM, nGMS, hnGMS, GMS, and hGMS) were made with fishmeal and full‐fat soybean (Youchun 06‐1, heat‐treated Youchun 06‐1, Roundup Ready^®, and heat‐treated Roundup Ready^®). The FM diet contained fishmeal as the sole protein source. The experimental diets contained full‐fat soybean meal as 60% of dietary protein. Both temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120°C) and duration (1 and 2 hr) of heating influenced trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and protein solubility of nGM soybean and GM soybean. The TIA in GM soybean was higher than that in nGM soybean. After heating at 120°C for 2 hr, each amino acid of soybean treatment showed a slight decline. Neither source of soybean nor heat treatment affected the growth performance, feed utilization, chemical composition of the whole fish body and muscle, and lipase or amylase activity of the three Cyprinidae species (p > 0.05). Heat treatment of soybean meal slightly increased the plasma antioxidant capacity of the three fish and plasma cholecystokinin of black carp and grass carp. The unheated soybean treatment adversely affected the height and density of black carp intestinal villi, and all the soybean treatments caused disruption of the grass carp intestinal epithelium.