饲粮精料水平和蛋氨酸铬添加剂量对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮精料水平和蛋氨酸铬(Cr-Met)添加剂量对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和脂肪沉积的影响。采用2×3双因素试验设计,2个因素分别为饲粮精料水平和Cr-Met添加剂量,其中饲粮精料水平分别设为35%(低精料饲粮,饲粮精粗比为35∶65)和55%(高精料饲粮,饲粮精粗比为55∶45),Cr-Met添加剂量分别设为0、0.75和1.50 g/(d·只)。将60只雄性滩羊羔羊[平均体重为(21±1)kg]随机分配到6个试验组,每组10只。试验期为80 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期65 d。结果显示:1)与低精料饲粮组相比,高精料饲粮组滩羊的平均日增重、屠宰率、背膘厚度、肌内脂肪含量和后腿肉比重显著增加(P<0.05),但料重比与肌肉蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH、亮度(L*)值、红度(a*)值和黄度(b*)值则显著降低(P<0.05)。2)低精料饲粮组滩羊背膘厚度、皮下脂肪厚度、肌内脂肪含量和后腿肉比重随Cr-Met添加剂量的增加而线性降低(P<0.05),但肌肉pH则线性升高(P<0.05)。3)高精料饲粮组滩羊肋肉比重、腰肉比重以及肌肉剪切力和pH随Cr-Met添加剂量的增加而线性升高(P<0.05),而肌内脂肪含量和肌肉a*值则线性降低(P<0.05)。综合本试验测定指标,建议在滩羊养殖中选择精粗比为55∶45的高精料饲粮,Cr-Met的适宜添加剂量为1.50 g/(d·只),且不建议在精粗比为35∶65的低精料饲粮中添加Cr-Met。     

中国基层公共文化服务平台政社共建研究

[目的/意义]各级政府鼓励和支持社会力量参与公共数字文化服务建设,为政社合作共建公共文化服务平台提供了良好契机。[方法/过程]文章梳理了基层公共文化服务平台政社共建的相关文献,结合政府与社会力量的角色作用、平台资源与服务的建设导向,分析了基层公共文化服务平台的政社共建模式,并结合政社共建平台的实践案例,分析其政社共建现状和取得的服务成效,指出政社共建平台存在的不足。[结果/结论]提出针对性的优化策略,旨在发挥政府与社会力量共建的强大合力,为提升中国基层公共数字文化服务效能提供参考。     

我国云南、湖北和山东葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性检测

为明确我国云南省宾川县、湖北省公安县和山东省烟台市葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性发生态势,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了这3个产区共127株葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性频率及抗性水平。结果显示,不同区域间病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均存在差异。其中,湖北省公安县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较高,抗性频率达92.0%,高抗菌株占76.0%,低抗菌株占16.0%,敏感菌株占8.0%;山东省烟台市霜霉病菌的抗性频率为74.0%,低抗菌株占64.0%,高抗菌株占10.0%,敏感菌株占26.0%;云南省宾川县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较低,抗性频率为29.6%,敏感菌株占70.4%,低抗菌株占29.6%,无高抗菌株。     

Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).     

山东省小麦田大穗看麦娘抗性水平、靶标抗性机理及田间防除效果测定

【背景】大穗看麦娘（Alopecurus myosuroides）是我国大陆近几年新发展蔓延的一种恶性禾本科杂草,目前已在山东、河南、河北、安徽等省有分布,且分布面积不断扩大。【目的】明确山东省冬小麦田大穗看麦娘对常用除草剂的抗性水平及部分种群产生抗性的机理,并评价不同除草剂对其田间防除效果,为制定小麦田大穗看麦娘防控技术规程提供理论依据。【方法】室内采用整株生物测定法测定9个大穗看麦娘种群对乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂除草剂啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆以及乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）抑制剂除草剂唑啉草酯、炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵共5种除草剂的抗性水平,并对产生抗性的种群进行靶标基因检测,同时分别在冬前和冬后开展田间试验,评价不同除草剂对大穗看麦娘的田间防除效果。【结果】室内测定结果表明,种群8（JN2）对啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆产生明显抗性,相对抗性指数分别达到47.32、15.97,靶标基因检测显示,该种群内植株ALS基因编码的第197位点氨基酸发生由脯氨酸（CCC）到苏氨酸（ACC）的突变;所有种群对唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵均表现敏感。田间试验结果表明,冬前使用除草剂对大穗看麦娘的防除效果优于冬后使用除草剂的效果,冬前唑啉草酯对大穗看麦娘鲜重防效为98.6%,而冬后处理为89.1%;冬前使用啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆对大穗看麦娘的株防效和鲜重防效在72.2%—89.3%,冬后使用则为68.6%—83.2%;唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对大穗看麦娘均表现出很好的防除效果,冬前使用的株防效和鲜重防效均在96.2%以上,冬后使用在82.6%—92.2%。【结论】供试的9个大穗看麦娘种群中,发现1个种群对甲基二磺隆、啶磺草胺产生较高抗性,但未发现对唑啉草酯等产生抗性的种群,室内试验和田间试验结果具有一致性。     

基于提等潜力和主导因素的耕地质量监测类型区划分及布点方法

以江西省南昌县为例,依托江西省耕地质量监测试点项目,依据耕地自然等指数提升潜力大小和对等级提升最大贡献值因子的组合类型来划分耕地质量监测类型区,并依据监测重点及监测类型区面积比例布设监测样点。实证分析表明,南昌县耕地质量等级监测共有14个组合类型,归并14个组合类型得到5个监测类型区:1个常规监测区和4个重点监测区。其中重点监测类型区包括易渍涝区、易干旱区、耕层瘠薄区和肥力缺乏区。依据监测重点和面积大小在各监测类型区内共布设监测样点70个。统计学检验结果证明,同其他常规布点方法对比,在相同监测样点情况下,依据耕地质量等级提升潜力及限制因子组合类型划分耕地质量监测类型区所布置的监测样点,监测的针对性更强,准确性更高。     

A highly sensitive,non‐invasive qPCR‐based strategy for direct quantification of Yersinia ruckeri in fish faeces

Finfish with asymptomatic Yersinia ruckeri infections pose a major risk as they can transmit the pathogen and cause clinical outbreaks in stock populations. Current tools have insufficient quantitative ability for accurately detecting the trace levels of Y. ruckeri typically associated with asymptomatic infection, necessitate invasive or lethal sampling, or require long processing times. This study presents a highly sensitive qPCR‐based method, targeting part of the Y. ruckeri 16S rRNA sequence, that is capable of detecting extremely low levels of Y. ruckeri in noninvasively collected faecal samples. Quantitative precision and accuracy of faecal sample analysis was consistent, despite the complexity of the faecal matrix. The assay demonstrated linearity over a six log‐wide dynamic range. Its limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 4 and 10 copies of the target sequence, respectively. Sensitivity of the assay was comparable to other qPCR‐based methods without requiring invasive or lethal sampling. Applicability as a screening strategy was tested using passively collected faecal samples. Asymptomatic Y. ruckeri infection was detected in all samples, although none of the fish exhibited overt infection. This method will be beneficial for finfish disease management if developed further as a noninvasive, screening tool against asymptomatic Y. ruckeri infection.     

国家现代农业示范区建设水平分析及提升对策研究

建设国家现代农业示范区已经成为中国各地加快推进农业现代化的有效方式,深入探究国家现代农业示范区的建设水平现状及提升其建设水平策略具有重要的现实意义。基于农业部发布的《2016国家现代农业示范区建设水平监测评价报告》中281个示范区的统计数据,分析示范区的建设水平,探讨其存在的问题。结果表明,2010—2015年示范区建设水平稳步增长,年际增速4.9%;综合得分在75分以上的示范区所占比重从0.7%上升到28.5%。东部地区示范区建设水平最高,西部地区示范区发展水平落后,但各省份之间示范区建设水平差距逐渐缩小。25个试点示范区综合得分比全国示范区平均得分高4分;除东北地区外,东、中、西部地区排名前十的示范区都已经基本实现农业现代化。目前,示范区建设过程中还存在有一些问题,主要表现为保障国家粮食安全与增加种粮农民收入的矛盾依然存在、示范区发展不平衡现象较为显著、提高农业经营管理水平难以突破、高质量农产品有效供给不足等4个方面。因此,应通过提高农业综合生产能力,多渠道增加农民收入;促进示范区之间交流与合作,完善国家级示范区进出机制;健全经营与管理体系,配套"硬件"与"软件"设施;坚持市场导向,提高示范区农产品供给质量等对策提升示范区建设水平。     

甘肃省农业现代化水平测度及制约因子研究

农业的根本出路在于现代化,农业现代化是国家现代化的基础和支撑。推动农业现代化进程对于确保国家粮食安全与乡村振兴取得决定性进展具有重要意义。基于农业生产投入、农业产出水平、农村社会经济发展和农业生态环境质量等4个维度,构建了农业现代化测度指标体系,利用综合指数法测度甘肃省1990—2015年农业现代化水平,借助约束度公式对现代化进程的制约因子进行诊断分析。结果表明:甘肃省农业现代化发展水平得到长足的提升,1990年农业现代化综合指数仅为0.124,处于准备阶段;2011年进入现代化起步阶段,并呈现出稳步上升趋势;至2015年,农业现代化综合指数提升到0.479,正处于起步阶段向初步实现阶段的过渡期,但现代化整体水平较低。其中,农业生产投入现代化基本实现,农业产出水平尚处于起步阶段,农村社会经济发展依然徘徊在准备阶段,农业生态环境治理任重道远。农业产出水平、农业生产投入、农村社会经济发展和农业生态环境质量4个子系统对甘肃农业现代化水平的约束度分别为57.53%、15.99%、15.16%和11.31%;农业产出增长率、水土流失治理、化肥施用量和农村居民家庭经营收入成为制约农业现代化进程的4个关键因子,农业持续发展动力不足。因此,提出培育新型农业经营主体,构建新型农业经营体系,推动农业转型升级发展;培养多元化农村产业融合主体,推动农产品生产由第一产业向三产融合发展转变;以"两山"理念指引农业的常态发展向绿色、创新式发展转变等推动甘肃农业现代化进程的政策建议。     

Total Replacement of Dietary Fish Oil with a Blend of Vegetable Oils in the Marine Herbivorous Teleost,Siganus canaliculatus

To investigate the feasibility of total replacement of dietary fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils (VOs) and the optimal dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level in the marine herbivorous teleost Siganus canaliculatus, six isonitrogenous (32%) and isolipidic (8%) diets were formulated. Control diet used FO as lipid source, whereas diets VO1–VO5 contained various blends of palm, soybean, rapeseed, and linseed oils, in which the dietary PUFA levels were 42.0, 38.2, 33.8, 29.9, and 27.1%, respectively. After S. canaliculatus juveniles were fed with the diets for 9 wk, their growth performance exhibited no significant difference among the dietary groups. The tissue fatty acid (FA) profiles in liver and fillet generally reflected the dietary FA compositions and showed no significant difference among the VO dietary groups. The results suggest that dietary FO can be replaced completely by VO, without affecting their growth performance. Concerning the effects of the dietary FA profile on the survival rate, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index, and PUFA composition in fillets, diets VO1 and VO2 were more favorable compared with diets VO3–VO5. Considering the availability and cost of the VOs, diet VO2 was recommended for practical use in S. canaliculatus.