Effect of Salt Concentration and Extremely Halophilic Archaea on the Safety and Quality Characteristics of Traditional Salted Anchovies

Extremely halophilic archaea (EHA) might play an important role in salted fish production. So far, limited information has been available on the effect of EHA and salt concentration on the safety and quality characteristics of salted anchovies. Eight Halobacterium salinarum strains were isolated from different sea salt samples and subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The strains were then inoculated into fresh salt before addition to anchovies. A total of 18 experimental productions were performed. The inoculated trials showed the lowest counts of undesired microorganisms. In particular, salted anchovies produced with Hbt. salinarum H11 showed the lowest histamine concentration as well as the highest sensory scores. Differences in terms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were estimated among trials. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that experimental production performed with a reduced amount of salt (175 g of sea salt per kg of anchovies) did not affect the final quality of salted anchovies. The strain Hbt. salinarum H11 produced salted anchovies with well-appreciated organoleptic features. Thus, the addition of EHA and the use of a lower amount of sea salt might represent a valuable alternative to the traditional method for production of salted anchovies.     

咸干蓝点马鲛品质特征与优势菌群分析

为了更好地了解传统咸干蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)(鲅鱼)的品质特征，以市售产品中感官品质较为突出的咸干鲅鱼作为研究对象，对其水分、含盐量、NaNO2含量、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)等理化指标进行了测定，并进一步对咸干鲅鱼中的优势菌进行了分离、纯化与鉴定。结果显示，咸干鲅鱼样品含水量为54.40%、含盐量为3.1%，属于半干低盐制品；NaNO2含量为5.07 mg/kg，符合相关食品安全标准的规定；TVB-N含量高达40.12 mg/100 g，说明发酵过程蛋白质降解程度较大；TBARS值为10.00 mg/kg，脂质氧化程度在感官可接受的范围内。咸干鲅鱼中的微生物以细菌为主，清酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sakei)、产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)、长赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus macrolides)和香坊肠杆菌(Enterobacter xiangfangensis)为优势菌。其中，清酒乳杆菌具有发酵菌的典型特征，可能在咸干鲅鱼发酵过程中起主要作用。     

饲料中维生素A对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢酶活性及基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中维生素A(VA)对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢相关酶活性及基因表达的影响,实验选取360尾初始体质量为(6.10±0.10) g的青鱼幼鱼,随机分配至3个实验组中,每个实验组设置3个平行。采用单因素实验设计,以无维酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源、菜籽油为脂肪源、糊精为糖源,同时添加矿物质混合物和维生素混合物(无VA添加)配制成3组实验饲料,分别以饲料1 (Diet1)、饲料2 (Diet2)和饲料3 (Diet3)表示。在饲料1、饲料2和饲料3中分别添加0、2 200和20 000 IU/kg VA醋酸酯(500 000IU/g),经高效液相色谱法(Agilent-1100, Agilent,美国)检测后实验饲料中VA的实际含量分别为178.2、2 058.9和18 436.2 IU/kg,养殖周期为8周。结果显示:饲料中VA缺乏会显著降低青鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR);VA缺乏会显著降低血清血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)浓度,增加总胆固醇(TCH)浓度。饲料中添加2 058.9IU/kg VA能显著提高肝脏己糖激酶(HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性,促进葡萄糖转运蛋白-2 (GLUT-2)、HK、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、PFK和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)基因表达。当饲料中VA含量为2 058.9 IU/kg时,对肝脏脂肪酸转运蛋白-1(FATP-1)基因表达无显著影响,但显著影响肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 (CPT-1)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-2 (CPT-2)基因表达。当饲料中VA缺乏时,CPT-1和CPT-2基因表达受到显著性抑制;当饲料中添加过量VA时,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-2 (ACC-2)和脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达受到抑制;同时,VA过量组中肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)基因表达显著下降。研究表明,在饲料中添加2 058.9 IU/kg VA可以促进青鱼幼鱼生长,提高肝脏对葡萄糖的转运能力,促进糖酵解和糖异生代谢平衡,同时促进脂肪酸合成和转运。     

低吸油面包糠的制备工艺研究

[目的]制备低吸油率面包糠,以有效利用挂面面头,并为改进油炸食品质量提供新源料。[方法]以挂面面头为主要原料,以吸油率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,进行4因素3水平正交试验,优化低吸油率面包糠的制备工艺,并比较分析了不同原料制备的面包糠的感官、吸油率、微观特性。[结果]低吸油率面包糠的适宜制备工艺条件为发酵温度28℃,发酵时间2.5 h,烘烤时间30 min,烘烤温度190℃,此条件下面包糠的吸油率为20.41%。面包糠的显微结构致密度与其吸油率高低密切相关。[结论]以挂面面头和面粉为主要原料制备低吸油率面包糠不仅拓展了挂面面头的应用市场,而且为油炸食品提供了新型的涂膜材料。     

淡腌青鱼中木糖葡萄球菌碳源代谢能力研究

为探究淡腌青鱼的腐败与其微生物代谢能力的关系,利用Biolog GENⅢ微孔板对淡腌青鱼货架期终点的特定腐败菌(木糖葡萄球菌)在5、15、25、33℃4种温度下的碳源利用情况进行研究,采用修正的Gompertz模型对代谢曲线进行拟合,并以平均颜色变化率(AWCD)为指标研究其代谢速率,分析木糖葡萄球菌利用碳源能力的动力学特征。结果表明:木糖葡萄球菌能利用糖、氨基酸和羧酸类等碳源;相同温度下木糖葡萄球菌对碳源的代谢能力由大到小依次为糖、羧酸、氨基酸,其中单糖(葡萄糖、甘露糖)、双糖(蔗糖、海藻糖)、多糖及其糖类衍生物(N-乙酰-β-D-甘露糖胺、β-甲酰-D-葡糖)、氨基酸(谷氨酸、丝氨酸)和羧酸(L-乳酸)的代谢较强。木糖葡萄球菌在25℃下的延滞期最短,进入指数期最快。通过对木糖葡萄球菌在不同温度下各种碳源代谢能力的分析,为优化产品配方有效抑制微生物的活动、延长产品货架期提供理论依据。     

盐渍海蜇中铝的脱除与质构变化

研究针对海蜇制品中铝残留严重超标的问题,用5种不同试剂对盐渍海蜇进行铝脱除工艺研究,并分析了铝脱除工艺对海蜇质构的影响。试验结果表明:采用剪切法(A/CKB探头)分析海蜇质构,可以更准确更稳定地测得海蜇产品的质构差异;供试的5种试剂中以复合脱铝剂的脱铝效果最佳,在脱除盐渍海蜇中铝的同时,基本保持了海蜇的质构等感官品质,可以较好保持铝脱除后海蜇的品质。     

Molecular identification and relative abundance of microorganisms in douchi koji and salted egg white sufu during processing

A novel animal protein-based douchi koji-inoculated steamed salted egg white sufu (SEWS) has been developed. This study determined the relative abundance of microorganisms in the douchi koji and semi-finished (5-day fermentation) and finished (5-day fermentation and 14-day ripening) SEWS by using 16S and 18S ribosomal DNA and gene-cloning methods. The results revealed that Bacillus spp. and Aspergillus oryzae were dominant in the douchi koji. In the semi-finished SEWS, the percentages of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis were considerably lower, whereas those of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus were substantially higher. In the finished SEWS, Bacillus spp. became dominant again and A. oryzae was the only fungus detected. In conclusion, by using molecular techniques, microbial population dynamics in SEWS can be evaluated. During processing, the relative abundance of microorganisms in SEWS changed and Bacillus spp. and A. oryzae remained dominant. This study provides crucial information for designing starter cultures for producing SEWS.     

氨氮胁迫对青鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶、组织结构及血清部分生理生化指标的影响

氨氮是诱发鱼病的主要环境因子,以初始体质量(7.00 0.14)g的青鱼幼鱼为研究对象,研究氨氮胁迫对其鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶、组织结构及血清部分生理生化指标的影响。实验设置低(对照组0 mg/L)、中(10 mg/L)和高(20 mg/L)3个氨氮浓度处理组,将暂养在自然淡水(对照)中的青鱼幼鱼分别放入各实验梯度中,进行0、6、12、24、48和96 h氨氮胁迫。结果表明:与对照组相比,中、高氨氮组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性分别在12 h和6 h降至最低,然后升高,48 h达最大值,96 h后与对照组水平相当。鳃组织光镜观察表明,中氨氮组鳃小片基部泌氯细胞数量12 h有所增加,24 h呼吸上皮细胞出现部分脱落,96 h泌氯细胞出现空泡化,部分鳃小片充血;而高氨氮组鳃小片基部泌氯细胞数量6 h呈增加趋势,12 h呼吸上皮细胞部分脱落,24 h大面积脱落,96 h鳃小片基部严重充血。血清皮质醇和血糖含量在胁迫12 h均升高至最大,含量与氨氮浓度呈正相关,48 h恢复至对照组水平。氨氮胁迫下,血清总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力呈先升高后降低的趋势,6 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),中氨氮组12 h后与对照组差异不显著,而高氨氮组96 h时显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力12 h内均呈先降低后升高趋势,48 h均恢复至对照组水平。氨氮胁迫前期,血清总抗氧化力和谷胱甘肽均呈下降趋势,丙二醛和谷丙转氨酶活力呈升高趋势。谷胱甘肽和谷丙转氨酶活力在96 h恢复至对照组水平,而丙二醛96 h仍显著高于对照组,高氨氮组总抗氧化力显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,氨氮胁迫初期,鱼体抗氧化系统受到严重干扰。随着胁迫时间延长,鱼体进行适应性生理调节,但机体抗氧化能力下降,鳃组织已受到损伤。     

Spoilage of Lightly Salted Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) Roe at 5 ° C

Abstract

Lightly salted lumpfish roe (3.5–4.8% fw/w] salt in the water-phase, pH 5.4, vacuum-packed) was stored at 5°C. After 2 1/2 or 3 months of storage, different degrees of spoilage, caused by bacterial activity, occurred in eleven roe batches. Off-odors ranged from no or very weak odors to strong sulphury, sour odors. The microflora consisted of lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio spp. Concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, trimethylamine and total volatile bases were unrelated to spoilage odors. Volatile sulfur compounds (H₂S, probably CS₂, CH₃SH and CH₃CH₂SH or CH3SCH3), produced during storage, appeared to be contributors to spoilage odors.     

高分子化合物对盐渍化棉田土壤团聚体组成及棉花产量的影响

【目的】比较施用不同高分子化合物后盐渍化棉田土壤团聚体及棉花产量的差异,选取适合的高分子化合物用于改良盐渍化棉田及提高棉花产量。【方法】试验在新疆维吾尔自治区石河子146团棉花大田进行,设4个处理,分别为M1(聚丙烯酸盐类处理,K-PAM)、M2(聚丙烯酰胺类处理,PAM)、M3(纤维素类处理,HEC)和对照(不施化合物,CK),于不同生育期采集棉田土壤的团聚体及待测土样,测定土样pH和电导率,并在棉花采收期进行测产。【结果】M1和M2较CK在棉花盛花期和盛铃期均可显著降低不同土层土壤的电导率(P0.05,下同),有效减小盐分毒害,M3在0~20 cm土层较CK的电导率显著升高,在20~40 cm土层表现为显著降低;在棉花盛铃期,M2和M3较CK 20~40cm土层土壤pH显著降低,其余生育期M2较CK对土壤pH无显著影响(P0.05)。高分子化合物施入土壤后改善了盐渍化土壤结构,主要是增加2.000~0.053 mm土壤团聚体含量;3种高分子化合物均可显著提高棉花产量,其中以M1增产效果最好,增产107.4%。【结论】高分子化合物施用后改善了盐渍化土壤结构,提高了棉花产量,其中以聚丙烯酸盐类施用效果最佳,可作为新疆盐渍土棉田土壤改良的优先选择。