Secondary sexual traits and semen characteristic of chicken germline chimeras

Birds obtained by embryo engineering are used to study embryo development and to produce transgenic birds. As this method of producing birds still generate strong emotions of the public opinion head ornaments, testes and semen characteristics of sex chimera roosters were examined to check whether they differ from chickens obtained by non‐manipulated methods. Measurements of head ornaments, testes and semen were correlated with each other. Semen quality factor (SQF) was calculated, as well as the level of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of bilateral traits (wattles and testes). Positive correlation was found for comb width and wattle length and comb thickness and sperm concentration. Semen characteristics and FA did not exceed the level encounter in other chicken lines. Results obtained indicate that germline chimeras are similar in appearance of secondary sexual traits, and semen and testes characteristics to chickens produced in non‐manipulated way.     

谷物胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法

将贝叶斯统计原理和胚乳性状的数量遗传模型相结合,以分离群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式,提出胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法.该方法通过Gibbs以及Metropolis-Hastings抽样实现的马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法获得QTL效应和位置的估计.方法的有效性用染色体水平和基因组水平2套模拟方案进行验证,结果表明:贝叶斯方法能够准确地估计胚乳性状QTL的位置和效应,并同时区分2种显性效应.     

2018年我国小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗性检测

以多菌灵为主的苯并咪唑类杀菌剂一直是小麦抽穗扬花期防控赤霉病的主要手段之一。本研究对2018年我国主要麦区采集的1 464株赤霉病菌菌株进行多菌灵抗性分子检测。共检测出多菌灵抗性菌株97株,抗性频率为6.63%,同时发现抗性菌株以F167Y突变频率最高,其次为E198Q和F200Y。通过比较不同省份间多菌灵抗性发生频率发现,长江中下游麦区赤霉病菌群体抗性频率明显高于黄淮麦区群体。本研究相比之前研究中的抗性频率大幅度上升,表明在多菌灵的选择压力下,多菌灵抗性种群发展迅速。为防止抗性群体的进一步发展,致使多菌灵防治赤霉病失效,应采用混配、复配药剂、不同作用机理的杀菌剂交替轮换使用来防治小麦赤霉病。     

Repression of deoxynivalenol accumulation and expression of Tri genes in Fusarium culmorum by fungicides in vitro

A defined medium was developed in which to monitor deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, fungal growth and expression of genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis (designated Tri genes). In liquid culture, DON accumulated shortly after maximum expression of Tri6 and coincident with expression of Tri5. This was generally 96 h after inoculation. The effects of sublethal concentrations of the fungicides azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and tebuconazole on biosynthesis of the trichothecene DON by Fusarium culmorum were studied using this medium. The strobilurin fungicides trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON in culture medium at a range of concentrations. Kresoxim-methyl, also a strobilurin, and tebuconazole, a triazole, did not significantly reduce the accumulation of DON, although levels were lower than those in nonamended cultures. Trifloxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON when added to cultures before initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis. RT-PCR assays of the expression of Tri6 and Tri5 genes indicated that trifloxystrobin acted by inhibiting the initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis.     

玉米丝黑穗病原菌冬孢子萌发条件研究

通过不同条件对玉米丝黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发率影响的试验研究表明,甲醛处理对玉米丝黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发有明显促进作用,萌发率达88.89%,冬孢子在麦芽糖和水琼脂培养基上萌发率最高达84.49%。在不同温度和pH条件下冬孢子萌发率差异较大。冬孢子在28℃时最适合萌发,达89.67%,在pH为7时萌发率最高达89.02%。     

Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin contamination of wheat,a review

Summary An infection of bread wheat by fusarium head blight contaminates the crop with mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). The toxicity and natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in wheat are reviewed. Based on 8 years data of fusarium head blight epidemics of wheat in the Netherlands, DON contamination of the grain was estimated. Fusarium head blight ratings averaged an infection of 1.7% of all spikelets; estimates for DON contamination averaged 0.9 mg kg^–1. Taking a guideline level for DON in uncleaned bread wheat of 2 mg kg^–1, in 1979 and 1982 a wheat crop was produced with estimated DON concentrations above the limit of tolerance. Human and animal exposure to mycotoxins in the Netherlands appears to be small but chronic. The information presented in this paper illustrates the need for an annual evaluation of the crop for fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin content, and the necessity of fusarium head blight resistant wheat cultivars.Samenvatting Aaraantasting van tarwe doorFusarium culmorum enFusarium graminearum leidt tot vorming van mycotoxinen in het graan, waarvan deoxynivalenol (DON) en nivalenol (NIV) de belangrijkste toxinen zijn. In dit artikel wordt een overzicht gegeven van de toxicologische aspecten, en het voorkomen van deze toxinen in tarwe. Informatie over DON en NIV in tarwe in West-Europa is schaars. Gebaseerd op gegevens vanFusarium epidemieën in de jaren 1979–1986 wordt een schatting gegeven van de concentratie DON in Nederlandse tarwe. Rekening houdend met de herkomst en verwerking van tarwe, blijken zowel in dierlijk als menselijk voedsel lage concentraties DON chronisch voor te komen. Op basis van een maximaal toelaatbare dagelijkse dosis DON van 3 g kg^–1 lichaamsgewicht is de schatting van de dagelijkse opname van DON in het jaar volgend op de oogst van 1982 net op de grens. Zowel een jaarlijkse inventarisatie vanFusarium aantasting en DON besmetting van het graan, als de ontwikkeling vanFusarium-resistente rassen zijn noodzakelijk.     

金银花尺蠖幼虫头部化学感受器扫描电镜观察

为了解金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu幼虫头部化学感受器的种类、形态、数量和分布,利用扫描电镜技术观察其老熟幼虫头部形态及触角和口器上的化学感受器。结果表明,金银花尺蠖老熟幼虫头部呈椭圆形;触角上着生1个毛形感受器、3个刺形感受器、1个栓锥形感受器和2个锥形感受器;上颚分布有1对毛形感受器;下颚分布有3个毛形感受器、2个刺形感受器、2个栓锥形感受器和8个锥形感受器;下唇须上有1个栓锥形感受器和1个刺形感受器;在吐丝器前方两侧有1对刺形感受器。金银花尺蠖幼虫触角上的化学感受器较少,口器附肢上化学感受器较多。     

基于改进的PSO进化神经计算进行苹果颜色快速分级

为克服在苹果颜色分级中存在的速度慢、误差大等缺点,基于再现群智能的粒子群进化算法和神经计算技术,提出了一种新颖、快速的智能分级方法,即首先通过计算机视觉技术获取苹果表面颜色的色度,并提取其特征;然后采用改进的带自适应惯性权值的粒子群优化算法训练神经网络结构,最后用训练好的神经网络进行苹果颜色分级。实际应用表明该方法切实可行且效果显著,不仅分级速度快,而且分级正确率高达98%以上。     

苏南河网水污染控制系统规划优化研究

以苏南某地二级树状河网为例,在运用S-P水质模型模拟河网水质的基础上,构建了以河网污水处理费用及引水稀释费用之和最小为目标函数的水污染控制最优化模型,采用遗传算法,对各引水口的引水量及河网中各排污口的污水处理率进行优化计算,供苏南地区水系规划与管理参考。     

基于DH-YoloX的群养马岗鹅关键行为监测

马岗鹅的行为与其生长状况和福利状况密切相关,马岗鹅关键行为监测对评估其生长性能具有重要的现实意义。为了实现对群养栏马岗鹅关键行为高效率精准监测,该研究探索一种基于YoloX的群养马岗鹅关键行为监测算法（Magang geese behavior monitoring of based on Double Head-YoloX,MGBM-DH-YoloX）,该算法通过减少YoloX的头部数量提升检测效率、使用损失函数减少前景背景干扰、使用迁移训练方式提高网络训练效率等技术对马岗鹅采食、饮水、休息和应激等关键行为及其规律进行分析。MGBM-DH-YoloX首先用Mosaic和Mixup对马岗鹅图像进行数据增强,然后使用增强后的数据集训练模型,并且利用模型检测马岗鹅的关键行为,最后累计得出马岗鹅关键行为的发生时长和行为节律;试验训练集为1 400幅、验证集200幅和测试集为400幅,连续活动视频10 d。结果表明,MGBM-DH-YoloX算法的平均精度为98.98%、检测速度达到81帧/s、内存消耗为2 520.04 MB。对马岗鹅的10 d养殖数据分析发现,MGBM-DH-YoloX能有效观察到马岗鹅随着日龄增长采食次数逐渐减少;试验鹅每日采食与饮水行为同时出现的比例为83.74%,呈现整体相伴趋势,但也从90.78%降低到74.57%,说明马岗鹅采食与饮水行为随着日龄增加呈现出逐渐分离趋势;试验鹅随着日龄增长休息时间逐渐加多,呈现出肉鸭对笼养的适应性逐步增强;应激行为随机性很强,突发性明显,发现人员随机走动等不规范饲喂带来的应激行为占据很大比例。该研究显示MGBM-DH-YoloX算法能利用监控视频对马岗鹅的关键行为进行智能提取,可为家禽智能养殖监管提供技术支撑。