作物叶面积测量的研究进展

对作物叶面积测量理论和方法进行梳理，综述了基于单叶叶面积、单株叶面积、群体叶面积3个维度进行叶面积测量的研究进展，提出作物叶面积测量的物理原理、数学建模原理、光学特征提取原理的理论分类，从精确度、有损和无损测量2个角度分析了叶面积测量的研究进展，并对叶面积测量技术发展趋势进行展望。     

基于准静态同轴探头模型的土壤复介电测量方法

末端开路同轴探头法测量土壤复介电值用于表征土壤含水率具有准确、快捷的优点。针对目前土壤介电同轴探头集总测量模型没有充分考虑探头的参数以及土壤体积对测量结果影响等问题，基于电磁场理论，对末端开路同轴探头建立了准静态数学模型，适用于土壤的复介电常数准确测量。通过全波软件仿真和模型计算结果对比，以无水乙醇介电实测值和理论值对比，验证模型的准确性。采用本文介电测量模型对不同含水率的黄绵土进行测量计算，复介电常数实部与实测土壤含水率二阶多项式拟合决定系数大于0.965，表明本文所提土壤介电测量方法适用于土壤复介电常数和含水率的测量。     

基于GC-MS对水稻种子耐镉差异代谢物的筛选与分析

为了筛选耐镉性较好的水稻品种,本研究利用气相色谱质谱联用仪,对24份不同耐镉程度的水稻品种进行了代谢物的定性与定量分析,通过主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)等多元统计分析方法筛选出水稻耐镉差异性代谢物。结果表明:24份水稻种子共检测出59种主要代谢产物,有机酸类物质可将不同耐镉水平的水稻区分开;同时结合PLS-DA与T检验筛选后得出4种差异代谢物(VIP>1,p<0.05),其中9,12-亚油酸主要存在于低耐品种,而丙二酸、扁桃酸和D-甘露醇主要存在于高耐品种中。说明有机酸类物质与水稻耐镉性相关,可作为区分水稻种子耐镉差异的标志代谢物。     

热风干燥过程中山药水分状态的变化研究

为了解山药的水分赋存状态的变化，以襄阳道地山药为材料，分别在60、70、80、90、100 ℃条件下进行热风干燥，采用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）和差式量热扫描（DSC）技术，每隔15 min测定山药在热风干燥过程中的水分状态及迁移规律。结果表明，在60~90 ℃条件下，温度越高，干基含水率的降速越快。山药的T2弛豫图谱有3个较为明显的吸收峰，随干燥进程的延续，各峰面积均明显减少，其中自由水所在峰的面积降幅最大，表明干燥过程中自由水散失最多，而且自由水逐渐向半结合水和结合水迁移，冷冻峰和解冻峰也随之变小。但在100 ℃下干燥时，样品可能因表面板结导致干基含水率、低场核磁吸收峰升高，冷冻和解冻峰面积增加。因此，在实际干燥过程中，山药的热风干燥温度不宜高至100 ℃。     

Effects of Large Saddle Panels on the Biomechanics of the Equine Back During Rising Trot: Preliminary Results

The saddle panels, directly in contact with the horse's back, are likely an important element to optimize the fitting of the saddle, the comfort of the horse, and subsequently, the pain management in dorsalgic horses. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of the saddle panels on the horse's back, by evaluating a prototype saddle (comfort panels: CP) compared to a standard saddle (STD). The horse's back movements were measured using inertial measurement units (IMUs) fixed at the levels of thoracic vertebrae T6, T12, T16 (under the saddle) and lumbar vertebrae L2 and L5. The centers of mass (COMs) of the horse and the rider and limb's protraction-retraction angles, pressure between saddle and horse's back, and force on the stirrups were measured using respectively 2D motion capture, pressure mat and force sensors in the stirrup leather. Three horses were trotted at the rising trot (sitting: left diagonal-rider seated; standing: right diagonal-rider standing) by the same rider. To compare saddles, linear mixed-effects regression models were used. The estimated means (SE) were calculated. During sitting phase, pressure in the cranial and middle areas of the saddle significantly increased for CP compared to STD (+0.9 (0.2) kPa and +1.0 (0.1) kPa, respectively) whereas caudal pressure decreased (−1.8 (0.4) kPa). Concurrently, the range of motion of angles T12-T16 and T16-L2 under the saddle significantly increased (+1.8 (0.2)° and +2.3 (0.3)°, respectively). The results showed that modifications of the panels' shape not only affect the pressure distribution but also the kinematics of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the equine back.     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

车-液耦合响应下液罐车稳定性控制仿真

为了提高液罐车行驶安全性、减少液罐车侧翻、失稳所带来的危害,对于液罐车在转向或换道时车-液耦合动态响应对整车稳定性的影响进行了研究。联合液体纳维斯托克斯和流动控制方程,应用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS/Fluent建立并求解液体晃动模型,通过结合液体晃动模型和三自由度液罐车刚体模型获得液罐车车-液耦合动力学模型,分析有无控制策略情况下,液体晃动对液罐车横向稳定性的影响。仿真结果表明:提出的模糊差动制动控制策略能够有效提高车辆抗侧翻能力,减少罐车运输过程中交通事故的发生,对液罐车运输有指导意义。     

洋槐蜜和椴树蜜结晶前后的主要物质组成和热力学性质变化研究

为实现对不同类型蜂蜜的特征和质量的科学评价，测定了不同蜜源(洋槐蜜和椴树蜜)和不同结晶状态蜂蜜的主要成分，并利用差示扫描量热技术分析了其热力学性质。结果表明：无论结晶与否，不同蜜源蜂蜜中的葡萄糖和果糖含量均差异显著。相对于椴树蜜样品，洋槐蜜样品的水分活度可能更不利于酵母菌的滋生。玻璃转化温度、放热峰峰温和放热峰焓变等热力学参数，对于区分不同的蜂蜜样品较为灵敏。蜂蜜样品的热力学性质主要受到结晶状态的影响，而与蜜源特征相关性较小。基于以上结果，及时监测蜂蜜的水分活度有助于控制微生物(尤其是酵母菌)的滋生。通过测定蜂蜜的玻璃转化温度、放热峰峰温和放热峰焓变等指标，可以预测蜂蜜的结晶程度。     

microRNA-124-3p调控H1N1亚型猪流感病毒致小鼠肺损伤的研究

为研究microRNA-124-3p（miR-124-3p）对H1N1亚型猪流感病毒（swine influenza virus，SIV）感染小鼠所致肺损伤的调控作用，本试验构建miR-124-3p腺病毒表达载体，通过小鼠尾部静脉注射法构建miR-124-3p差异表达小鼠模型，试验分3组：过表达组、抑制组和对照组。48 h后，各组小鼠鼻腔接种H1N1亚型SIV，每只10⁵ EID₅₀（50 μL）。连续观察14 d，计算小鼠平均体重变化率、观察病理切片并测定相关炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA相对表达量。结果显示，已成功将pre-miR序列及其sponge序列插入腺病毒的穿梭质粒，并将其共转染293A细胞。实时荧光定量PCR检测证实，与对照组相比，过表达组和抑制组小鼠黑色素瘤细胞miR-124-3p表达水平分别极显著升高（P<0.01）和显著降低（P<0.05），表明成功构建腺病毒表达载体。过表达组、抑制组和对照组小鼠体重变化率分别为－5.5%、－12.4%和－8.6%。抑制组和对照组均可见肺泡壁增厚，其间有多量淋巴细胞浸润，部分肺泡内出现纤维蛋白渗出，且抑制组病理变化更为严重，肺泡中还有大量的红细胞浸润；而过表达组仅有少量的淋巴细胞浸润，肺脏组织较正常。与对照组相比，过表达组检测的炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA表达水平均显著降低（P<0.05）；抑制组炎症相关炎症因子mRNA表达水平均显著升高（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明，miR-124-3p对H1N1亚型SIV感染小鼠所致的肺脏炎症因子的表达具有抑制作用，同时能减轻肺脏病理损伤。