60Co-γ射线辐照处理对4种药用植物种子萌发的影响

用不同剂量60Co-γ射线对益母草、蒲公英、车前、紫苏种子进行辐照处理,测定这4种药用植物种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等指标,了解60Co-γ射线辐照对其种子萌发的影响,为这4种药用植物的新品种选育提供参考。结果表明,60Co-γ射线对4种药用植物种子具有较强的诱发突变能力,辐照剂量与种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高、苗鲜重均呈负相关,其中与苗高的相关性达极显著水平。益母草和蒲公英种子的半致死剂量大于400 Gy,车前种子的半致死剂量在300~400 Gy之间,紫苏种子的半致死剂量在50~100 Gy之间。     

Utilization of electron beam irradiated Jatropha kernel meal in the diet of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings

Defatted Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM) was irradiated through electron beam radiation at 25 kGy (IJKM). After irradiation, PEs and phytate were decreased by 36.67% and 55.27%, respectively, with slight reduction in total hydrolysed amino acids in IJKM. A 45‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the utilization of irradiated Jatropha kernel meal (IJKM) in the diet of rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. Five isonitrogenous (300 g/kg CP) and isoenergetic (15 MJ/kg GE) diets such as T0 (control, without IJKM), T5 (50 g/kg IJKM), T10 (100 g/kg IJKM), T15 (150 g/kg IJKM) and T20 (200 g/kg IJKM) were prepared and fed to fish of respective treatments. Fish fed diets containing T15 and T20 groups exhibited significantly lower (p < .05) weight gain, FCE, PER, ANPU, HSI, ISI, survival rate, nutrient and energy digestibility, than the other groups. Fish of higher IJKM fed groups (T15 and T20) also showed lower muscle moisture, protein, ash and higher muscle lipid content. The liver catalase and SOD activities significantly decreased in the higher IJKM fed groups. It is concluded that IJKM (irradiated by 25 kGy electron beam) can be incorporated up to 100 g/kg in carp feed with the replacement of 33% soybean meal and 28% ground nut oil cake without compromising growth performances of Labeo rohita.     

Assessment of short-term mortality of granary weevil,Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) triggered by different microwave irradiation powers

Abstract

The insecticidal efficacy of microwave irradiation against the at 12, 24, 48 and 72?h following exposure to microwave irradiations (100, 300?W) and the progeny production was assessed 45?days later. Linearly increasing irradiation power range (100, 200 and 300?W) was set up for determining mortality tendency. An increase of insect mortality caused by higher irradiation period and times elapsed after treatment has become evident commencing from 12?h after the treatment, which has significantly decreased at later elapsed time after treatment. The irradiation periods inducing the highest mortality at the examined powers were at 10?min and at 100?W power (72?h: 64.93%) and at 4.5?min. and at 300?W power (12?h: 87.01). In addition, a complete suppression of progeny production was achieved by 4.5?min treatment at 300?W power. Lognormal-type mortality process was caused by the linearly increased irradiation range. The properly chosen microwave irradiation can be used for management of Sitophilus granarius larval and adult developmental stages. This treatment could provide an effective and friendly environmental treatment technique in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program.     

生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白抗紫外能力影响

为了研究生物炭对紫外线的防护作用，以豆壳烧制的生物炭作为载体，研究生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白的吸附行为以及生物炭对Cry1Ac蛋白的紫外保护作用。使用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X-射线粉末衍射以及傅立叶红外光谱等手段对生物炭的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明，生物炭是典型的多孔结构材料，表面具有丰富的官能团。Cry1Ac蛋白与生物炭吸附平衡时间为50 min，最合适的吸附浓度比（生物炭：蛋白）为1：100，二者吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型。在UVB紫外照射4 h后，生物炭与Cry1Ac蛋白复合物对棉铃虫的生物活性是单纯蛋白的4.93倍，显示生物炭具有较好的紫外抵抗效果。研究结果初步表明，制备得到的生物炭能够显著提高Cry1Ac蛋白的抗紫外能力，为后续研发耐受紫外线的农药剂型提供新材料。     

辐照技术消减食物过敏原致敏性研究进展

食物过敏是当前威胁人类健康的重大食品安全问题之一。辐照技术可以消减食物过敏原,是一项颇具发展潜力的物理消敏技术。本文介绍了辐照消敏技术的特点、原理和发展历程,阐述了辐照消减动物源过敏食物牛乳、鸡蛋、虾、鱼等过敏原致敏性和植物源过敏食物花生、大豆、小麦、坚果等过敏原致敏性的研究进展,分析了辐照消减食物过敏原的效果和影响因素,探讨了辐照消敏技术的发展方向,以期为辐照消敏技术的研究和应用提供参考。     

产IAA菌株的UV和DES诱变筛选及培养条件优化

为了得到高产吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)菌株,采用紫外(UV)诱变和硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变的方法,对从烟草根际土壤中分离得到的一株产IAA并具有溶有机磷性状的促生菌进行诱变选育,并对获得的目标菌株的发酵培养条件进行正交优化。结果表明,菌株经UV诱变和DES诱变均能有效提高其IAA产量。诱变条件为 UV(15 W,30 cm)照射1 min或2 mg·mL^-1 DES处理30 min时,得到1株高产IAA的菌株UV19,其IAA产量为33.77 mg·L^-1,是出发菌株产量的299.48%。菌株UV19经10代继代,其产IAA能力和溶有机磷性状稳定遗传。菌株UV19产IAA培养发酵优化条件为10%装瓶量、初始pH值8、培养温度25℃、接种量3%、培养时间96 h、含500 mg·L^-1色氨酸的LB培养基,优化后IAA产量高达75.47 mg·L^-1,为优化前的2.23倍。本研究结果为菌肥及生物法生产IAA提供了基础材料及技术方案。     

Individual polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in sorghum grains are influenced by very low and high solar UV radiation and genotype

Sorghum is becoming more widely recognised around the world as a valuable crop for its polyphenol antioxidant health-promoting properties and adaptation to harsh environments. The antioxidant capacity of diverse polyphenols in sorghum grain can vary with climatic conditions and genotype. To explore this further, the potential role of UV radiation on the profile and concentration of polyphenols was investigated in six diverse sorghum genotypes in a controlled environment facility using natural UV and visible radiation under either UV-transmitting or UV-blocking treatments. The polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were significantly reduced under the UV-blocking treatment, with contents of individual polyphenols differing among the genotypes. This information is valuable for sorghum breeders enabling them to select genotypes and UV growth conditions to produce sorghum grain with target levels of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity for human foods to meet the nutritional and health needs of different consumers.     

电子束辐照对三文鱼品质的影响研究

为确定三文鱼电子束辐照的最佳剂量,以生鲜三文鱼为研究对象,采用0(未辐照)、0.5、1.0、2.0k Gy 4种不同剂量的电子束进行辐照处理,贮藏于0℃下,通过检测贮藏过程中鱼体的挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、酸价、失重率、色差及质构等指标,研究电子束辐照剂量对三文鱼品质及其货架期的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照可以抑制三文鱼挥发性盐基氮的产生和菌落总数的增长,且辐照剂量越大,效果越明显;辐照剂量越大,贮藏初期的酸价越高,但在贮藏期间较未辐照组稳定,无明显的增大趋势;1.0 k Gy和2.0 k Gy剂量使三文鱼颜色变暗,0.5 k Gy较未辐照组差异不显著;贮藏末期,经过辐照的三文鱼的黏附性相对未辐照组小,硬度、弹性以及咀嚼性与未辐照组无显著差异,各剂量之间也无显著差异。综合各指标,0.5 k Gy剂量的电子束可以更好地保持三文鱼的品质。本研究结果为三文鱼的保鲜提供了有效的技术手段和一定的参考依据。     

辐照对瓜实蝇遗传区性品系成虫肠道微生物的影响

为研究辐照对瓜实蝇肠道微生物群落多样性和结构组成的影响,以100 Gy137Cs辐照来自瓜实蝇遗传区性品系(GSS)的5、8、11和13日龄的雌、雄成虫,并采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术分别对其肠道菌群进行测序分析。结果表明,瓜实蝇雌雄成虫的肠道中存在19个主要的菌属,包括17个属名已知,1个属名未知和1个属不可培养。其中,17个已知属分别属于4个细菌门,即变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(占总量的50%~98%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(占总量的2%~47%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(占总量的1%~16%)和1个至今微生物界还未确定的稀少菌门(unclassified rare phyla)(总量1%)。此外,辐照降低了瓜实蝇肠道中的微生物多样性以及优势菌的丰富度,且这种影响与瓜实蝇的性别和成虫日龄无关。本研究结果为评估和修复辐照对瓜实蝇的损伤提供了参考。     

电子束和γ射线辐照对象拔蚌品质影响的异同性研究

为探明电子束和γ射线辐照对象拔蚌理化指标和微生物影响的异同性,采用不同剂量的电子束(0、2.1、3.9、6.1、8.0 k Gy)和γ射线(0、2.1、4.2、6.3、8.4 k Gy)辐照真空包装象拔蚌,对其贮藏期内营养成分、p H值、生物胺、菌落总数进行测定。结果表明,利用一定剂量电子束和γ射线辐照均能有效降低象拔蚌的菌落总数,在12 d贮藏期内,2种辐照处理之间菌落总数随辐照剂量的变化趋势以及随贮藏天数的变化趋势无显著差异,其中γ射线的D10=3.2 k Gy,电子束的D10=3.1 k Gy;较之对照,电子束和γ射线辐照对象拔蚌蛋白质、灰分、脂肪和水分含量无显著影响;电子束辐照处理组的p H值在贮藏期内维持在6.80~6.94,而γ射线辐照处理组的p H值维持在6.68~6.92,较之对照组,2种射线辐照处理均可抑制贮藏期内象拔蚌p H值的下降;辐照处理组能够抑制生物胺总量的增长,但电子束和γ射线辐照处理之间,象拔蚌生物胺总量随辐照剂量的变化趋势以及随贮藏天数的变化趋势无显著差别。由此可知,电子束与γ射线辐照均具有应用于象拔蚌鲜食食品加工的潜力,这为辐照应用于象拔蚌提供了科学依据。