Looking back on development and disaster‐related displacement and resettlement,anticipating climate‐related displacement in the Asia Pacific region

The realisation that climate change might necessitate resettlement of people displaced initially raised interest in the experience of development‐forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR). Looking back, in 1980 the first international policy on involuntary resettlement was approved to address perceived weaknesses in state property and expropriation law to safeguard people in the way of development projects. Since then international policy and praxis have brought global attention to developmentally displaced people but have not guaranteed them an effective safeguard. Recently, renewed attention has focussed on state legal and governance frameworks substantively and procedurally. Identifying four key policy objectives that resonate with climate change displacement I analyse their treatment in a data base of DFDR laws and regulations from 40 Asia Pacific states. This analysis finds overall little legal congruence. Innovative new formulations in some Asian state laws address recent public criticisms and research findings, but mostly are yet to demonstrate positive outcomes for displaced people. Pacific states increasingly abandon expropriation law to negotiate lease terms for public infrastructure projects with customary landowners that do not extinguish customary title. Any laws governing climate change relocations must protect rights, livelihoods, well‐being, inclusive decision‐making and community initiatives with procedures whilst not relinquishing climate‐change‐reducing action.     

定量泵负载敏感系统卸荷压力冲击抑制研究

定量泵负载敏感系统在快速卸荷时容易出现压力冲击现象,对系统的可靠性和寿命产生较大危害。三通压力补偿阀是定量泵负载敏感系统中关键的调压元件,本文以三通压力补偿阀为切入点,建立定量泵负载敏感系统功率键合图模型,基于键合图模型推导系统的状态方程,建立Matlab动态仿真模型,探讨系统卸荷压力冲击的抑制方案。基于系统仿真模型,首先对系统卸荷压力冲击的仿真与试验进行对比,验证了仿真模型的正确性;然后,针对三通压力补偿阀的系统压力腔阻尼、阀芯直径、Ls腔阻尼、阀口锥角等关键参数,对卸荷压力冲击影响规律进行仿真;最后,基于关键参数对卸荷压力冲击影响规律的分析,提出了一种"小阀芯、双阀口"型三通压力补偿阀结构优化方案,并对其卸压冲击抑制效果进行了仿真和试验。结果表明,该方案可以有效抑制卸荷压力冲击,优化后系统卸压冲击压差比原系统降低了89%,卸荷压力降低了20%,进一步实现了节能。     

ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATION‐INDUCED DISPLACEMENT OF CANINE ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DORSAL AND VENTRAL RECUMBENCY USING MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Respiratory‐induced organ displacement during image acquisition can produce motion artifacts and variation in spatial localization of an organ in diagnostic computed tomography (CT) examinations. The purpose of this prospective study was to quantify respiratory‐induced abdominal organ displacement in dorsal and ventral recumbency using five normal dogs. All dogs underwent CT examinations using 64 multidetector row CT (64‐MDCT). A “3‐dimensional (3D) apneic CT exam” of the abdomen was acquired followed by a “4‐dimensional (4D) ventilated CT exam.” The liver, pancreas, both kidneys, both medial iliac lymph nodes, and urinary bladder were delineated on the 3D‐apneic examination and the organ outlines were compared to the maximum alteration in organ position in the 4D‐ventilated examination. Displacement was measured in dorsal‐to‐ventral (DV), right‐to‐left (RL), and cranial‐to‐caudal (CC) directions. Respiratory‐induced displacement of canine abdominal organs was not predictable and showed large variability in the three directions evaluated. For most canine abdominal organs, dorsal recumbency provided overall the least amount of displacement among all directions evaluated except for liver and urinary bladder. For liver, a large variability was found for all directions and a statistically significant difference was found only in the RL direction with ventral recumbency exhibiting less displacement (P = 0.0099). For the urinary bladder, ventral recumbency also provided less displacement but this was statistically significant only in the RL direction (P < 0.0001). Findings from this study indicated that dorsal recumbency may be preferred for minimizing respiratory motion artifacts in whole abdomen studies, but ventral recumbency may be preferred for liver and urinary bladder studies when respiration cannot be controlled.     

理论生长方程对杉木人工林林分直径结构的模拟研究

理论生长方程在林分直径结构领域的应用具有重要的理论和实践意义。为探寻影响理论生长方程模拟性能好坏的内外机制，从而有所选择和鉴别地使用理论生长方程，本文从林分及方程两个角度出发进行了探讨。结果表明：年龄、立地、密度、间伐强度等因素对Richards等6种生长方程模拟精度影响不明显，而不同方程间的模拟精度差异极明显；林分直径累积分布曲线的拐点存在一个主要区间(0．4～0．6)，生长方程拐点的取值情形与方程模拟精度的大小密切相关，方程最佳拟合曲线的有效拐点区间愈大、拐点精确度愈高，拐点有效性越大，则方程模拟精度越高。     

特色农产品集群品牌与企业品牌互动机制理论基础述评

该文通过对现有文献的梳理,阐释了特色农产品集群品牌与企业品牌之间互动关系的4大基础理论,即原产地效应、信号理论、品牌理论和生态系统理论,并指出原产地效应和品牌相关理论对特色农产品领域的相关研究具有重要意义。     

温度对住宅区气体污染物扩散的影响

温度在气体污染物扩散的过程中起一定的作用。在现实生活中,由于日晒和地表辐射的存在,使得地面、建筑物外表面都与空气存在一定的温差。温差的存在会改变地表及壁面附近的流场,从而对住宅区污染物的扩散产生影响。利用理论推导对热力因素及扩散因素的关系进行了研究,并且与数值模拟的试验结果进行比较。结果发现理论推导与试验结果整体趋势相一致。这表明在与无温差情况相比较,温差存在时,地表及壁面附近流场更加紊乱;温差与气体污染物的扩散具有正相关性,对住宅区污染物的稀释起积极作用。     

凸齿镇压器作业过程的运动学与动力学分析

[目的]基于理论推导建立凸齿镇压器作业过程中的运动学和动力学模型。[方法]根据运动学中刚体做平面运动的瞬心定理和牵连运动为平动时质点的加速度合成定理,建立凸齿镇压器在不同工作阶段的运动参数模型;根据动力学中的动量定理、动能定理和冲量定理,建立凸齿镇压器工作状态中所需牵引力、凸齿与地面作用瞬间产生的冲击力和冲击能的参数模型。[结果]凸齿镇压器作业过程中所需的牵引力随着凸齿镇压器的自身质量和滚动阻力系数的增加而增大,而凸齿镇压器转动惯量的增加会降低凸齿镇压器所需牵引力;冲击过程中,凸齿镇压器的牵引速度越大、质量和转动惯量越大、冲击时间越短,则冲击力越大;凸齿镇压器冲击土壤时的冲击能随着凸齿的转动惯量、质量和质心竖直向下移动距离的提高而增加,而随土壤的弹性系数与土壤的塑性变形量的增加而减小。[结论]建立了凸齿镇压器在不同工作状态下运动学及动力学模型,分析并揭示了凸齿镇压器结构参数与运动参数间的相互联系,探索了凸齿镇压器冲击土壤的特征规律,为设计和优化其结构参数和运动参数提供了理论依据。     

钵体苗吹出过程的有限元分析

钵体苗吹出是气力有序抛秧一个主要的环节。为此,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对钵体苗吹出过程进行了有限元模拟分析,通过对其分析计算,得出了位移、应力和应变等结果云图,以及相应的应力时间关系曲线,为气力有序抛栽提供理论依据。     

杨家坝渡槽预应力合理张拉时机研究

大跨度预应力渡槽在跨年度的施工中,选择在不同的季节进行预应力的张拉,对渡槽结构的稳定产生较大的影响,故对渡槽进行预应力合理张拉时机的研究是重要的。以杨家坝渡槽为计算对象,采用有限元法,通过仿真计算,比较分析了渡槽在不同季节的温度条件下,渡槽结构的应力及位移的变化情况,表明杨家坝渡槽在月平均气温10℃时张拉预应力,可以适当避免渡槽应力以及位移出现过大的情况,并可为同类工程提供参考。     

离心泵理论扬程的计算

通过对不同滑移系数计算公式的比较与分析,揭示了滑移系数是离心泵理论扬程计算结果准确与否的关键,提出了对于不同比转数的离心泵滑移系数应采用不同的计算公式。以优秀离心泵为基础,采用回归分析法对离心泵理论扬程的计算进行了修正。计算实例表明:修正后的理论扬程公式计算结果更加准确,为工程实际应用提供了一种较为准确的计算方法。