Modeling radiation transfer within the canopy of a Chinese fir plantation

Calculation of radiation transfer within the canopy of a plantation on sloped sites is described. The canopy was assumed to consist of evenly cone-shaped crowns. Within-tree shading by object tree and between-tree shading by tree crowns around the object tree were differentiated. The two-dimensional needle area density (NAD) was introduced in the calculation of radiation transfer and interception. The model was validated with measurements of both daily photosynthetic photo flux density (PPFD) and daily photosynthetic radiation at tens of points within the crown of a 17-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation growing on a sloped site. Simulation showed that modeled data closely matched measurements. Simulation errors likely result from the uneven size of tree crowns, irregular crown shape, grouping of needles to shoots and twigs, etc. Scattering radiation amounted to below 10%, in most cases, of daily radiation, and its uncertainty was relatively small.     

中国土地变化及其影响的空间建模分析

文章分析了国内的土地利用变化及影响空间模型的建立原理，探讨了其建模的基本组成及信息数据处理的基本措施，得出具体的建模结论，同时对模型的应用进行探讨。     

三维可视化平台下建模分析以及数据的交换——以广州大学为例

使用了三维GIS技术对区域建筑进行虚拟,首先采用ArcGIS to SketchUP6Plugin插件将具有空间参考坐标的广州大学建筑楼的地理数据导入SketchUP,在其中建立带有贴图的精细的广州大学建筑三维模型,最后将三维模型导回Arcscene中进行三维显示及分析。     

基于CAD/CAE的汽车车架仿真分析

车架是整个汽车的基体,其刚度、强度及动力性能等都会影响到振动舒适性、行驶平顺性和使用寿命。采用CAD/CAE软件,对车架结构进行有限元静力与动力仿真分析,从而达到设计的优化,为以后相应的产品开发提供了理论依据。     

陶瓷烧结过程显微组织演化的模型化与模拟

用一种改进的Monte Carlo potts模型二维模拟了陶瓷烧结过程中显微组织的演化，在改进模型中使用了Tikare等提出的空位湮灭算法来模拟致密化过程。结果表明，改进的Monte Carlo ports模型可以模拟固相和空位的扩散过程，很好地再现了陶瓷烧结过程中显微组织的演化和致密化过程。同时研究了晶界迁移率和空位湮灭概率对烧结致密化过程的影响。     

车室噪声预估及声-固耦合有限元分析

车内低频噪声直接影响到车室内的声学舒适性,利用有限元软件ANSYS建立汽车驾驶室声-固耦合有限元分析模型。计算在典型的外界激励情况下车内声场的分布情况,为改善车内声学特性,对车内噪声进行预测提供了参考。     

Monitoring forage production for farmers’ decision making

Objective management of grazing livestock production systems needs monitoring of forage production at the managerial unit level. Our objectives were to develop a system that routinely estimates forage above-ground net primary production (ANPP) at the spatial and temporal resolution required by farmers in the Pampas of Argentina, and to facilitate adoption of the system by end users as a managerial support tool. Our approach was based on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) logic, which proposes that ANPP is determined by the amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (APAR), and the efficiency with which that energy is transformed in above-ground dry matter (radiation use efficiency, RUE). APAR is the product of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the fraction absorbed by the canopy (fPAR). We estimated fPAR as a non-linear function of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). RUE was empirically estimated for the two principal forage resources of the region, yielding the following relations: ANPP = 0.6 × APAR + 12, (R² = 0.86; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the upland sown pastures, and ANPP = 0.27 × APAR + 26, (R² = 0.74; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the lowland naturalized pastures, with ANPP in g/m²/60 days and APAR in MJ/m²/60 days. The models were able to predict independent ANPP values with acceptable accuracy. Computational procedures were automated and run in a Relational Data Base Manager System that stored and managed all the information. The system is currently monitoring 212,794 ha in 83 farms and provides monthly ANPP values for the previous month and a history of the last 6 years. The data so generated show ANPP differences between the two major forage resources, considerable variability of a given month’s ANPP among years and paddocks, and contrasting among-farm differences in the efficiency of conversion of ANPP and forage supplements into beef production. The system was well accepted by end users who utilize it mainly for making near real time decisions according to last month ANPP, and explaining results of previous production cycles by incorporating ANPP as an explicative variable. However, there were differences among farmers in the degree of utilization, apparently related to the advisor’s attitude toward this new technology. Our results indicate that (1) forage production of large extensions can be monthly monitored at the paddock level by a small laboratory with capabilities in geographic information systems, and (2) advisors and farmers apply this information to their managerial decisions.     

ANSYS软件参数化建模研究

大型通用有限元ANSYS软件在结构分析、结构优化设计等工程问题上有广泛的应用。优化设计成功与否的关键是参数化建模与形成分析文件,本文详细讨论了参数化建模的细节与注意事项以及分析文件的形成,为结构优化设计人员提供帮助。     

液压油液数字建模与仿真

因液压油液的温度、压力及油中已溶解或未溶解的空气量等因素变化时,油液的特性会发生非线性行为变化,从而影响液压系统的性能,为此对液压油的综合特性进行了研究。推导出溶解了空气的液压油液密度及油中空气含量随油液压力、温度变化的函数关系;应用Matlab软件编制的仿真程序,对液压油的非线性特性进行了大量仿真计算,并讨论了影响液压油密度、体积弹性模量的因素。     

Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose

Soil aggregate (SA) can be formed and stabilized when soil organic matter (SOM) is decomposed in the soil. However, the relationships between the SA dynamics and SOM with different decomposition rates have not been clarified. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the addition of polysaccharides to soil on SA formation and stability. A Japanese tropical soil was incubated for 99 d at 30 °C in a dark environment following the addition of 0.5% (w/w) starch or cellulose. The decomposition rates of the amendments, and SA formation and stability were evaluated by measuring soil respiration rates, and distribution fractions of soil aggregate sizes and mean weight diameter (MWD) of SA, respectively. The cumulative soil respirations with all treatments rapidly increased until Day 12 of the incubation. The initial slope of the cumulative soil respiration in the soil with starch was significantly higher than that in the soil with cellulose. In either soil with starch or cellulose, the fractions of macro-aggregates (>1000 μm in diameter) significantly increased, respectively, compared with control soil. However, the fractions of meso-aggregates (250–1000 μm) and nano-aggregate (<20 μm) in the soil with starch significantly decreased, while those fractions in the soil with cellulose fluctuated until Day 6. The MWDs reached the maximum on Day 6, indicating the SA formation in the soils with starch or cellulose. The increasing rate of the SA formation in the starch-amended soil was greatly higher than that in the cellulose-amended soil. After Day 6, the MWDs in the soils with either polysaccharide decreased with similar trends with no significant differences between treatments, indicating similar stability of the SA in both treatments. This study showed that the different decomposability of the organic amendments might influence the SA formation differently, but not the SA stability.