The pelagic habitat analysis module for ecosystem‐based fisheries science and management

We have developed a set of tools that operate within an aquatic geographic information system to improve the accessibility, and usability of remote‐sensed satellite and computer‐modeled oceanographic data for marine science and ecosystem‐based management. The tools form the Pelagic Habitat Analysis Module (PHAM), which can be applied as a modeling platform, an investigative aid in scientific research, or utilized as a decision support system for marine ecological management. Applications include fisheries, marine biology, physical and biological oceanography, and marine spatial management. The GIS provides a home for diverse data types and automated tools for downloading remote sensed and global circulation model data. Within the GIS environment, PHAM provides a framework for seamless interactive four‐dimensional visualization, for matching between disparate data types, for flexible statistic or mechanistic model development, and for dynamic application of user developed models for habitat, density, and probability predictions. Here we describe PHAM in the context of ecosystem‐based fisheries management, and present results from case study projects which guided development. In the first, an analysis of the purse seine fishery for tropical tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed oceanographic drivers of the catch distribution and the influence of climate‐driven circulation patterns on the location of fishing grounds. To support management of the Common Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the California Current Ecosystem, a simple empirical habitat utilization model was developed and used to dynamically predict the seasonal range expansion of common thresher shark based on oceanographic conditions.     

猪lncRNA TCONS_00791383对骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化的影响

为了探究lncRNA TCONS_00791383对猪骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖和分化的影响。本研究利用qRT-PCR技术检测出生7 d内大白仔猪6种组织（心、脾、肺、肾、背肌和腿肌）以及猪骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化前后TCONS_00791383的表达水平；通过设计反义核苷酸（antisense oligonucleotides，ASO）片段在猪骨骼肌卫星细胞中对TCONS_00791383进行敲低，检测敲低TCONS_00791383之后增殖分化标志基因的表达量变化；通过trans （co-expression）对TCONS_00791383进行靶基因预测，使用DAVID对其进行GO富集和KEGG通路分析。结果显示，TCONS_00791383在猪心脏中表达量最高，在脾和肾组织中不表达。在骨骼肌卫星细胞从增殖到分化的过程中，TCONS_00791383的表达量逐渐上升，且在分化后30 h表达量达到最高。在使用ASO片段敲低TCONS_00791383之后，与对照组相比，在分化24 h，增殖标志基因Pax3、Pax7表达量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05，P<0.01），分化标志基因MyoG表达量极显著降低（P<0.01），在分化48 h，增殖标志基因Pax3表达量极显著降低（P<0.01），Pax7表达量显著降低（P<0.05），分化标志基因MyHC表达量显著降低（P<0.05）。预测得到的相关靶基因富集到AMPK、ATP等多个与骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖和分化过程相关的重要信号通路。本研究表明，lncRNA TCONS_00791383可能促进猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖和分化。     

基于亚像元分解与增强的MODIS卫星林火监测图像制作

为提高低空间分辨率遥感影像在卫星林火监测部门的应用质量,获取更准确的火灾信息,制作可视效果更好、便于基层部门使用的卫星林火监测图像。本研究以2013年2月6日云南省大理市黄家村森林火灾为背景,研究了一种基于亚像元分解与增强技术的卫星林火监测图像制作技术。结果表明,通过亚像元分解与增强技术,对空间分辨率低的气象卫星遥感图像进行处理,可得到空间分辨率为30 m的图像产品,能够将低分辨率遥感影像处理成超分辨率的遥感影像图像。该技术可应用于林火监测部门发布相关的监测图像。     

Spatial segregation of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) by size in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Striped marlin (Kajikia audax) is an epipelagic fish distributed in oceanic and coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean. This species is usually found in warm and coastal waters with high primary productivity. The main goal of this study was to describe the spatial segregation of striped marlin by average Eye‐Fork length (EFL) in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) and its relationship with environmental variables using EFL data obtained from tuna purse‐seining and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). The model suggested that larger individuals of striped marlin were more likely to be found in waters with high Chlorophyll‐a concentration (>2 mg/m³) and with temperatures lower than 25°C, within a region known as the “cold tongue” and the Humboldt current system, while smaller individuals were more likely to be found in warmer and low productive areas within a region known as the “warm pool of the EPO.” We observed that set type caused a large variation on average EFL of striped marlin; larger fish were captured in sets associated with floating objects (natural and manmade), while smaller fish were captured in sets associated with dolphins. Despite this, our findings suggest that striped marlin has a latitudinal gradient in average EFL; larger individuals occurred predominantly south of 10°N, while smaller ones occurred predominantly in coastal waters between 10°N and 20°N, thus demonstrating a spatial segregation of the species affected by its maturity stage.     

水盐交互作用对河套灌区土壤光谱特征的影响

为探究土壤水盐交互作用对Sentinel-2卫星光谱特征的影响，该研究以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为研究区域，分别在2018年和2019年的4-5月共采集280个裸土期表层土壤样本，测定其土壤含水率和含盐量，并获取同步的Sentinel-2卫星遥感数据，构建基于土壤水盐-反射率原理的土壤光谱特征理论模型，在此基础上结合土壤水盐交互作用构建水盐交互模型，并比较2种模型对土壤光谱的模拟效果，分析土壤水盐交互作用对土壤光谱估算的影响。结果表明：1）土壤水盐交互作用对光谱的影响因波段类型和水盐含量的不同而有所不同。在可见光范围上影响相对较弱，其作用范围为-0.11～0.29；在近红外和短波红外范围上影响相对较强，其作用范围为-0.35～0.61；当水分或盐分中某个含量较高时对光谱影响较弱，其主要集中在-0.1～0.23；，在水盐含量程度相似时影响较强，其作用范围为0.3～0.6。2）与土壤光谱特征理论模型相比，水盐交互模型能明显地改善土壤光谱的模拟效果，能将模拟相关系数由0.14～0.44提升到0.29～0.70，均方根误差由0.032～0.082降低到0.029～0.068。该研究结果揭示了盐分和水分对光谱特征的干扰过程，为土壤盐分的估算提供策略与方法，对实现区域尺度上土壤盐分的精准监测具有一定的意义。     

基于GF-6卫星影像多特征优选的酿酒葡萄精准识别

多源遥感信息和特征优选是提高农作物识别精度的重要支撑，高分六号（GF-6）卫星作为首次引入红边波段的国产卫星，其丰富的光谱信息为作物识别提供了新的思路和解决途径。该研究基于宁夏回族自治区银川市永宁县2018年6月-2019年3月的GF-6数据，充分利用红边优势提取光谱特征、纹理特征和植被指数特征，构建多种特征组合方案，并根据随机森林算法对特征重要性进行度量，选取最优特征组合对酿酒葡萄进行精准识别。结果表明，与单一特征相比，多源遥感特征的增加显著改善了酿酒葡萄分类效果，其中，植被指数贡献程度最大，光谱特征次之；基于随机森林的优选特征组合分类效果最佳，其中，总体分类精度为94.15%，酿酒葡萄用户精度为94.23%，制图精度为92.59%；以实地调查的4个酒庄为验证区，将酿酒葡萄提取结果与统计数据进行对比，面积相对精度均在70%以上，其中优选特征结果相对精度在90%以上，研究结果将为国产卫星红边波段在植被分类和识别方面的应用提供数据参考。     

“麦德姆”造成山东暴雨的卫星水汽图像分析

为提高台风暴雨的预报准确率,降低对农业生产的影响,本研究利用常规观测资料和FY-2E卫星云图,分析台风"麦德姆"造成山东暴雨的成因。结果表明:前期强降水是由台风倒槽造成,后期中、低纬度系统相互作用导致半岛地区出现大暴雨;水汽图像上的亮区对应对流层中上部湿区,亮区与低层水汽通量散度大值区和500 h Pa总温度场高能舌重合,对台风路径的预报和暴雨落区有较好的指示意义;水汽图像上系统的形态和灰度变化,能更有效地监测中、低纬度系统相互影响导致的过程,叠加云导风产品能更清晰地监测台风进入中纬度变性为温带气旋的风场与云系变化,云导风产品在台风预报分析中能发挥重要作用。     

移动通信基站在森林防火工作中的应用

移动通信基站基于卫星系统和通信系统的相关技术已相对成熟,在森林防火工作中已逐渐推广应用。本文根据工程实例,简要阐述了移动通信基站在森林防火工程项目中的应用。     

牛肌肉卫星细胞向胰岛素分泌细胞的诱导转分化研究

肌肉卫星细胞是源自中胚层的肌源干细胞,具有增殖分化融合成肌管并形成肌细胞的能力.在体内条件下,肌肉卫星细胞不可能跨胚层分化为内胚层来源的胰腺细胞.本研究从牛(Bos taurus)胎儿肌肉中分离培养得到肌肉卫星细胞,并在体外条件下将其诱导成胰岛素分泌细胞.在诱导过程中,分析了与胰腺发育相关的胰十二指肠同源基因盒1基因(pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1,PDX1)、神经原素3基因(neurogenin 3,NGN3)、淀粉酶基因(Amylase)和胰岛素基因(Insulin,INS)的动态表达情况.结果表明,PDX1作为决定胰腺分化发育和胰岛功能的主要调节基因,在诱导分化的第2天能够检测到其mRNA的表达,在第3天表达量达到了最大,第4天以后维持在较低水平.NGN3是内分泌细胞形成非常重要的转录因子,是能够将胰岛素分泌到胞外的关键基因,其mRNA在分化诱导的第3天开始表达,第4天达到最高水平,之后逐渐下降.Amylase是胰腺发育中细胞外分泌相关的基因,Amylase mRNA在第6天才开始表达,8d后达到最高.INS mRNA表达量在11～12 d最高,酶联免疫吸附分析(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)发现,诱导形成的胰腺细胞能够正常分泌胰岛素,培养液中胰岛素的浓度在诱导的11～12 d达到最高值.向培养液中添加葡萄糖后,可使细胞的胰岛素分泌量显著提高,说明诱导得到的细胞类似于成体胰岛的功能,其胰岛素分泌受外界葡萄糖浓度的调节.上述结果表明,肌肉卫星细胞可以被诱导转分化为胰岛素分泌细胞,并对培养环境中的葡萄糖刺激做出应答反应.本研究结果为进一步的研究和临床应用提供基础资料.     

Designing satellite tagging studies: estimating and optimizing data recovery

Satellite telemetry is used routinely to collect and transmit movement, behaviour and environmental data from free‐ranging animals. Satellite tags (hereafter SATs) are essential for collecting in situ data from animals where manual retrieval of a data logger is impossible. The collected data is fundamental for scientific and many management applications. However, the amount of data a SAT can transmit is limited by its battery life, transmission opportunities, bandwidth and satellite coverage. When designing a SAT study, these factors should be taken into account to ensure that limited transmissions are utilized as effectively as possible. In this paper we present a theoretical discussion of the factors that influence the data transmission and present tools for designing effective SAT studies. We calculate the optimal sampling period for the tag given its expected lifetime and regional variation in satellite coverage. Taking these factors into account allows prediction of the expected number of tags required to meet targets for a deployment. These methods are applied to a case study of a highly migratory pelagic fish tagged with popup archival satellite tags (PSATs). Our findings will be useful for SAT study design in general and demonstrate an approach which can reduce the ad hoc nature of SAT deployments.