Basal sweep and compression wood in young Scots pine trees

This study demonstrates the correlation between stem form and compression wood content in 36 sampled trees from a 6-yr-old container grown Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) plantation in central Sweden. Root analyses were carried out to examine causes for the high incidences of basal sweep. On the sampled trees basal sweep, stem sweep and maximum bow-height were measured. Discs were cut at different heights and the compression wood content was analysed using digital image analysis. Pith eccentricity and out-of-roundness were calculated for each disc as well as per stem. Compression wood and pith eccentricity was most pronounced near the stem base, where sweep tends to be high. In general, pith eccentricity increased with degree of basal sweep. As a conclusion, expression of basal sweep can be used to predict compression wood content in young Scots pine trees. This study also shows the importance of anchoring of a tree to prevent basal sweep formation due to instability.     

偏心受压圆形基础半径R的直接解法

给出了圆形基础偏心受压时基础半径的直接计算公式。可一次求得充分利用地基承载能力及经济合理的圆形基础底面半径。     

单纯形重心法优化西番莲果汁饮料的稳定剂配方

[目的]提高西番莲果汁饮料稳定性。[方法]在单因素试验基础上,利用单纯形重心试验法优化西番莲果汁饮料的稳定剂配方。[结果]单因素试验结果表明,黄原胶、果胶、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)的稳定效果较好,进一步进行{3,2}单纯形重心试验,复配的结果显示:当黄原胶、果胶、CMC添加量分别为0.089%、0.050%、0.117%,总的添加量为0.256%时,饮料的离心率降低至2.10%。验证试验说明,预测值与验证值相符,产品稳定效果好。[结论]通过上述试验得到的稳定剂配方可靠,稳定性好,可用于西番莲果汁饮料中。     

给定转子动力学参数的离心泵内部流体力研究

通过数值模拟和试验,研究了涡动情况下偏心距和涡动频率比对离心泵内外特性的影响。在给定一系列转子动力学参数条件下,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对包含前后泵腔在内的全流场进行数值模拟,分析了偏心距对离心泵外特性的影响和涡动频率比对离心泵内部流场的影响,研究了离心泵内部流体力的分布情况以及偏心距和涡动频率比对离心泵内部流体力的影响。研究结果表明:随着偏心距的增大,泵高效区范围变窄;流体力的法向分力Fn、切向分力Ft均与涡动频率比ω/Ω近似呈二次函数关系,这种二次函数关系与偏心距大小相关;叶轮受到的流体力主要来源于叶轮内部流体,且叶轮内部流体周向压力分布不均。对于离心泵来说,当ω/Ω>0时,叶轮内的旋涡较少,水力损失较小,对涡动效果有抑制作用;当ω/Ω<0时,叶轮内旋涡较多,水力损失较大,对涡动效果有促进作用。     

Stem form variations in the natural stands of major commercial softwoods in eastern Canada

Stem form is often used as a sawlog assortment criterion and has an important effect on lumber recovery and mechanical properties. Based on 7018 stems collected from the natural stands in 3 regions in eastern Canada, this study quantified the variations in stem form (taper, sweep and eccentricity) for five major commercial softwood species, viz., jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca), red spruce (Picea rubens) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). The majority of the stems had a diameter at breast height (DBH) ranging from 10 to 32 cm and total tree height from 10 to 20 m. Stem taper and butt taper increased steadily from 0.38 to 1.75 cm/m and from 0.74 to 4.23 cm/m, respectively, with DBH increasing from 8 to 48 cm. Stem sweep and basal sweep ranged from 0.12 to 7.28 cm/m and from 0.12 to 9.85 cm/m, respectively, with mean values of 0.87 and 0.95 cm/m. There were no significant differences in stem sweep and basal sweep between DBH classes and both sweeps distributed over a wide range within DBH classes, species and regions. About 0.77% of the stems and 1.2% of the butt logs had seriously curved shapes (sweep >3.0 cm/m). Eccentricity (ratio of smaller diameter to larger diameter) at the breast height (0.96) was very close to 1. Balsam fir and jack pine had the best and worst stem forms, respectively, while stem forms in black spruce were in-between. Butt logs were most seriously curved in red spruce and most tapered in white spruce. Region C (mainly eastern Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces) produced stems with smaller butt taper, basal sweep and stem sweep and larger eccentricity compared with other regions in eastern Canada. Overall stems in eastern Canada have a good stem form in terms of taper, sweep and eccentricity. The evaluation of stem form provides valuable timber quality information for the wood industry to optimize wood processing as well as for forest managers to define appropriate silvicultural regimes to improve stem form and economic value.     

单向偏心受压基础直接计算新方法

本文给出了柱下独立基础单向偏心受压时基底尺寸的直接计算公式。可较快地求得充分利用地基承载能力、经济合理的基础底面积。