麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环对固形产物的影响

为了减少生物质湿解过程的排放和水的消耗,以麦秆为原料,麦秆湿解水溶液为溶剂,在高温高压反应釜中,进行了反应温度为220℃,停留时间为120 min条件下的水循环湿解实验研究,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析仪的检测分析结果对使用循环水作为溶剂时的麦秆湿解固体产物的微晶结构、化学组成和热稳定性进行了深入分析。研究发现,随水循环次数的增加,固体产物产率和固碳率逐渐增加,同使用新鲜水的麦秆湿解实验相比较,水循环第6次时,固体产物产率和固碳率分别增加至78.7%和92.4%;麦秆湿解固体的有序化程度亦随水循环次数的增加而增加,微晶结构接近于石墨化的程度逐渐提高,有机官能团和脂肪族结构逐渐减少,芳香化和炭化程度逐渐提高;热重分析表明,麦秆湿解固体热稳定性较好,并随水循环次数的增加,热稳定性逐渐增强。麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环利用有益于固体目标产物的生成,并可改善产物的理化特性。     

杨木及其刨花板炭化制取木酢液的比较研究

[目的]探求回收利用废旧刨花板的方法。[方法]采用电加热炭化炉对杨木刨花板及杨木加热炭化,比较杨木刨花板和杨木在炭化热解过程中产物收率以及物理化学性质。[结果]由于受原料形态及刨花板中脲醛树脂胶的影响,杨木刨花板酢液的收率低于杨木酢液,pH高于杨木酢液。GC/MS成分分析结果表明,杨木刨花板酢液中存在较多含氮成分。[结论]杨木刨花板酢液中含有丰富的含氮物质,在农林生产中可以作为氮肥促进植物生长。     

钢筋砼结构的裂缝与耐久性

通过对裂缝的产生原因及钢筋砼结构耐久性影响的分析,钢筋锈引起的顺筋胀裂是影响耐久性的主要原因,并提出了解决措施。     

玉米秸秆炭与炭化温度和时间的关系

[目的]筛选出最适宜炭化温度和时间条件下的生物炭。[方法]以玉米秸秆为生物质炭制作原料,对比研究不同炭化温度(350、450、550℃)和时间(1.5、2.0、2.5 h)制备的玉米秸秆炭的p H、电导率等特性及有机质、氮、磷、钾等元素含量及其间的相互关系。[结果]玉米秸秆炭有机质含量随炭化温度的升高和时间的延长而降低[62.23%(350℃)48.52%(450℃)35.78%(550℃)];在350℃炭化温度下p H随着时间的延长而增大,450和550℃炭化温度下p H基本保持在10左右;电导率随炭化温度和炭化温度的变化不明显,炭化温度350℃对玉米秸秆炭电导率的影响相对较大。玉米秸秆炭中速效钾含量随着温度的升高和时间的延长逐渐增加,全氮和碱解氮则相反,速效磷含量较高,表现出574.53 mg/kg(450℃)493.75 mg/kg(350℃)283.98 mg/kg(550℃)的变化趋势。[结论]350℃(2.5 h)和450℃(2.0 h)制备的玉米秸秆炭的农业利用预期效应较好,农业价值较高。     

植物生物质制备活性炭研究进展

活性炭具有发达的内部孔隙结构和良好的吸附性能,在化工、制药、食品和环境保护等许多领域有广嗣的应用前景。植物生物质资源因其自身的特性是制备活性炭最有前景的原料之一。目前活性炭研究中常用的植物生物质原料分为农业残余物、木材类原料、竹类原料和木质素四大类。活性炭的制备方法分为炭化和活化两个阶段。活化方法有物理活化法、化学活化法和蒸气裂解活化法。物理和蒸气裂解活化法干净环保,但是成本高、技术不是很成熟;化学活化法技术成熟,应用最广泛,但是化学药剂的应用引起的设备腐蚀和环保问题难以克服,应用逐渐受到限制。     

生物质炭的开发与应用

根据中药炭化原理,研究出用生物质生产机制棒炭,并介绍了生产技术及设备．对于林业废弃物及农业秸杆极为丰富的我省,是极易推广和开发的新型再生能源．     

竹片的炭化及染液着色处理技术

为了更好地发挥竹材作为装饰材料的优势,解决竹材作为装饰材料时表面处理方面所存在的一些问题,寻求一种环保、无毒型的,既能达到防霉防菌效果又能改善竹材的表面性状,使竹材成为一种优质装饰材料的新型技术.该文通过竹片的炭化及染液着色处理,探讨了炭化处理竹片和染液着色竹片的表面性状.结果表明,竹材的炭化和染液着色处理技术是实现竹制品环保无毒、防霉防菌的表面高档化装饰的关键技术.     

Pyrolysis behavior of levoglucosan as an intermediate in cellulose pyrolysis: polymerization into polysaccharide as a key reaction to carbonized product formation

Pyrolysis behavior of levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro--d-glucopyranose), the major anhydromonosaccharide formed during cellulose pyrolysis, was studied at 250°–400°C under nitrogen. The pyrolysis products were found to change stepwise: levoglucosan MeOH-soluble fraction (lower-molecular-weight products and oligosaccharides) water-soluble fraction (polysaccharides) insoluble fraction (carbonized products). From the present experimental results, a pathway of cellulose pyrolysis via anhydromonosaccharide is proposed including polymerization to polysaccharides (a reversible reaction) as a key reaction to carbonized product formation.Part of this study was presented at the XIXth International Carbohydrate Symposium, San Diego, August 1998; and the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

Electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the electric field of charcoal from six wood species

Six wood species were carbonized under various carbonization temperatures and nonoxygen conditions to obtained charcoal. The effects of wood species, rate of temperature rise, and carbonization temperature on the electromagnetic shielding efficiency (ESE) of the electric field were investigated. The wood species used in this study were Japanese cedar, China fir, western hemlock, red oak, fortune paulownia, and Taiwan acacia. Tested materials were carbonized in a high-temperature oven under the following conditions: rate of temperature rise 1°–5°C/min; carbonization temperature 500°–1100°C, with temperature intervals of 100°C; maximum temperature maintained for 1h; and flow rate of nitrogen 300ml/min. The electromagnetic insulation strength system was used to detect the ESE of the electric field of charcoal. It was found that western hemlock and fortune paulownia charcoal showed maximum ESE values of of 36 and 61dB generated at a carbonization temperature of 1000°C. The charcoals derived from four other wood species showed maximum ESE values of 28dB for Japanese cedar, 23dB for China fir, 32dB for red oak, and 38dB for Taiwan acacia, respectively, at a carbonization temperature of 1100°C. The ESE value for fortune paulownia charcoal was similar to those of metal nets. The relations between ESE and logarithmic values of resistivity (log) could be represented by a negatively exponential formula.Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

Characterization of sp<Superscript>2</Superscript>- and sp<Superscript>3</Superscript>-bonded carbon in wood charcoal

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) preheated at 700°C was subsequently heated to 1800°C and characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The degree of disorder of carbon crystallites and the amount of amorphous phase decreased considerably with an increase in heat treatment temperature to 1400°C, while carbon crystallites clearly developed above this temperature, showing that the microstructure of carbonized wood undergoes drastic changes around 1400°C. Besides showing the bands for sp²-bonded carbon, the Raman spectra showed a shoulder near 1100 cm⁻¹ assigned to sp³-bonded carbon. With an increase of heat treatment temperature, the peak position of the Raman sp³ band shifted to a lower frequency from 1190 to 1120 cm⁻¹, which is due to the transformation of sp³-bonded carbon from an amorphous phase to a nanocrystalline phase. These data showed that the microstructure of carbonized wood from 700° to 1800°C consisted of the combination of sp²- and sp³-bonded carbon, which is probably due to the disordered microstructure of carbonized wood. It is suggested that the sp³-bonded carbon is transformed from an amorphous structure to a nanocrystalline structure with the growth of polyaromatic stacks at temperatures above 1400°C.