南瓜饲养榕树粉蚧的发育历期与生物学特征初报

榕树粉蚧是一种重要的入侵害虫,对果蔬和园林植物存在巨大的潜在威胁。为满足开展检疫处理、防控、生物学和生理学等研究的需要,本研究以南瓜为饲养材料,在室温条件下(26±1℃,RH 65%±5%)观察榕树粉蚧的生物学特性与发育历期。结果表明,榕树粉蚧具有典型的雌雄二型现象。雄虫主要经历卵、12龄若虫、预蛹、蛹、雄成虫阶段;雌虫经历卵、13龄若虫、雌成虫(产卵前期、产卵期)阶段,其发育历期(mean±SE)分别为8.51±0.03 d、9.79±0.09 d、7.46±0.10 d、6.52±0.11 d、12.13±0.11 d、8.16±0.11 d,世代发育历期54.4±0.25 d。雌成虫产卵量483651粒,平均550.87±51.07粒,卵期711 d,孵化率95.19%±0.75%。该研究结果表明榕树粉蚧繁殖能力强,应高度重视其防控工作。     

基于联盟链的电力物资全寿命周期管理体系研究

受限于国家电网现有的物资管理方式以及内外部数据网络连通等问题,电力物资尚未实现全寿命周期的可追溯管理。区块链技术的不断革新,为解决电力物资全寿命周期管理过程中存在的问题,提供了新的思路。文章希望通过构建电力物资全寿命周期管理体系,创新电力物资管理方式,同时通过融合联盟链技术,解决当前物资管理的数据连通模式存在的短板,为电力物资管理探索新的方向。     

金乌贼雄性规格和社群数量对求偶与交配行为的影响

为探讨不同规格雄性金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)在求偶交配过程中的竞争及优势等级,采用实验生态学方法,在室内可控条件下分别设置1L1S组、1L2S组和1L4S组(L和S分别表示大规格雄性和小规格雄性,数字表示实验中雄性金乌贼数量),连续摄像观察和记录金乌贼的繁殖行为。结果显示:(1)繁殖过程中金乌贼具有明显的领域行为和护卫伴游行为。(2)随着群体中小规格雄性比例的增加,处于优势地位的大规格雄性个体的优势等级发生变化,主要表现为大规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐减少,而小规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐增多。(3)当群体中小规格雄性较少时,大规格雄性常常主动攻击小规格雄性,而当小规格雄性数量远大于大规格雄性时,小规格雄性主动向其他雄性发起攻击,以争取护卫权和交配权。研究表明,雄性金乌贼的规格和数量对于求偶竞争以及交配行为具有显著影响。随着繁殖群体中小规格雄性增多,大规格雄性成功交配次数逐渐降低。1L4S组成功交配次数稍高于1L2S组,显著高于1L1S组(P0.05)。人工苗种繁育过程中选择合适规格的雄性亲体和合理的雌雄比例,对提高金乌贼繁殖效率具有重要意义。     

冻融作用对土壤胶体及胶体结合态铅迁移的影响

以东北地区棕壤为研究对象,通过人工控温和土柱淋洗试验,研究了不同冻融处理下铅污染土柱中土壤胶体和胶体结合态铅的迁移特征。结果表明:土壤高含水量(田间持水量100%)条件下冻融作用促进土壤胶体的迁移;土壤低含水量(田间持水量10%)条件下冻融作用对土壤胶体的影响减弱。淋洗试验中,土壤胶体在前20 min内大量淋失出土体,随后淋失量急剧减少;且前20 min内的土壤胶体淋失量随着冻融次数的增加先增加后减少。污染土柱中铅主要以胶体结合态的形式迁移,其迁移特征和受冻融作用影响的趋势与土壤胶体类似。冻融处理后滞留在土柱深层的铅含量较高,表明冻融作用能够促进铅向深层土壤迁移。     

基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的病虫害命名实体识别

为了解决农业病虫害命名实体识别过程中存在的内在语义信息缺失、局部上下文特征易被忽略和捕获长距离依赖能力不足等问题，以农业病虫害文本为研究对象，提出一种基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的农业病虫害命名实体识别模型(Chinese agricultural diseases and pests named entity recognition with joint radical embedding and self attention, RS-ADP)。首先，该模型将部首嵌入集成到字符嵌入中作为输入，用以丰富语义信息。其中，针对部首嵌入设计了3种特征提取策略，即卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network, CNN)、双向长短时记忆网络(Bidirectional long short term memory network, BiLSTM) 和CNN-BiLSTM；其次，采用多层不同窗口尺寸的CNNs层提取不同尺度的局部上下文信息；然后，在BiLSTM提取全局序列特征的基础上，采用自注意力机制进一步增强模型提取更长距离依赖的能力；最后，采用条件随机场(Conditional random field, CRF)联合识别实体边界和划分实体类别。在包含11个类别和24715条标注样本的农业病虫害自制语料上进行了实验。结果表明，本文模型RS-ADP在该数据集上精确率、召回率和F1值分别为94.16%、94.47%和94.32%；在具体实体类别上，RS-ADP在作物、病害、虫害等易识别实体上F1值高达95.81%、97.76%和97.23%。同时，RS-ADP在草害、病原等难以识别实体上F1值仍保持86%以上。实验结果表明，本文所提模型能够有效识别农业病虫害命名实体，其识别精度优于其他模型，且具有一定的泛化性。     

Effect of Si soil amendments on As,Cd, and Pb bioavailability in contaminated paddy soils

Paddy and Water Environment - Numerous greenhouse and laboratory experiments have shown that the application of Si-rich materials may affect the mobility and transport of hazardous elements in the...     

Plant functional types rather than climate or soil determine leaf traits in the forest biomes of eastern China

Nitrogen (N) has great ecological importance, but the biogeographic pattern across forest biomes in China has only recently been explored. Here we conducted a systematic census of leaf C and N following the same protocol to explore the variations of leaf traits, and their possible responses to plant functional types (PFTs) and environmental factors. Results showed that leaf traits varied substantially across biomes, and the relationships of PFTs to climatic factors were stronger than those of PFTs versus soil nutrient proxies, indicating that plant species composition might be a better predictor of plant species distribution with climate than leaf traits. Soil nutrient proxies explained more variation of leaf traits than climate, which demonstrates that leaf traits reflect important aspects of plant responses to soil nutrients. Importantly, partial general linear models analyses found that PFTs showed the greatest direct influence for leaf traits, and climate and soil affected leaf traits mainly through the change in plant species composition rather than having direct impacts. Hence, we concluded that leaf traits were largely controlled by PFTs rather than climate or soil at the biome scale. The results favored the species composition hypothesis, indicating that leaf nutrient concentration is mainly determined by PFTs.     

竹林土壤养分变异影响因素研究进展

在竹林经营过程中，充分了解土壤养分变异的影响因素，可为维持竹林地力以及提高林分生产力提供依据。文中主要从竹林造林密度、海拔、林分模式、林分起源、经营类型、生长时期等方面阐述在不同影响因素下竹林土壤养分的变异情况，旨在让竹类经营者了解影响竹林土壤养分变异的因素，从而提高林地土壤养分利用效率，优化土壤养分变异现状，促进竹林经营的可持续发展，对提高竹林经济效益和生态效益、改善竹林立地质量具有重要的理论研究价值以及生产实践意义。     

Fabrication of hydrophobic/oleophilic cotton fabric by mussel-inspired chemistry for oil/water separation

A straightforward approach was proposed to modify cotton fabric for oil/water separation based on musselinspired reaction. The poly(DMA-Octadecyl acrylate) was designed to contain key chemical constituents present in mussel adhesive proteins by free radical polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride and octadecyl acrylate, which strongly adsorbed to fabric substrates, providing a special surface for fabric. The chemical structure, surface topography, and surface wettability of the fabric were characterized. The results showed that as-prepared cotton fabric displayed a high CA of >150° when dripped water droplets were on the modified fabric surface, and the oil contact angle (OCA) was close to 0°, it had excellent potential to be used in practical applications and has created a new method of fabric modification for oil/water separation.     

化学打顶剂在甘肃棉花上的应用效果

2015年在甘肃敦煌植棉区，应用2种化学打顶剂进行不同施用时间和剂量的田间试验表明，土优塔化学打顶剂在6月28日前后、以900 mL·hm^－2的剂量使用，对棉花有较好的封顶效果，对产量及产量构成因子和纤维长度影响不大。2016年示范结果与2015年试验一致