不同酶制剂对水稻秸秆和白酒糟混合青贮品质的影响

为研究不同酶制剂对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）秸秆和白酒糟（m︰m=1︰1）混合青贮品质的影响，设置CK（对照）、CEL（250 U·g^-1纤维素酶）和XYL（250 U·g^-1木聚糖酶）3个处理，青贮120 d后取样测定其青贮品质。结果表明：CEL处理的感官评定等级为良好；CEL和XYL处理的干物质、粗脂肪、钾和镁含量均显著高于CK（P<0.05），且CEL处理的粗蛋白和磷含量显著高于CK（P<0.05）；CEL和XYL处理的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、木质素和纤维素含量均显著低于CK（P<0.05），且CEL处理显著低于XYL处理（P<0.05）；CEL和XYL处理30 h的养分消化率显著高于CK（P<0.05），且CEL处理48 h的养分消化率均显著高于CK（P<0.05）；CEL和XYL处理的饲用价值显著高于CK（P<0.05），且CEL处理显著高于XYL处理（P<0.05）。综上所述，添加纤维素酶、木聚糖酶能够提高水稻秸秆和白酒糟混合青贮的营养品质、养分消化率和饲用价值，且纤维素酶的添加效果优于木聚糖酶。     

Generation and characterization of aptamers against grass carp reovirus infection for the development of rapid detection assay

Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) causes devastating viral haemorrhagic disease in farmed grass carp (Ctenopharyngon idellus). As novel molecular probes, aptamers have been widely applied in rapid diagnosis and efficient therapies against virus or diseases. In this study, three single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers were selected against GCRV‐infected CIK cells via SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology). Secondary structures predicted by MFOLD indicated that aptamers formed stem‐loop structures, and GVI‐11 had the lowest ΔG value of ?30.84 KJ/mol. Three aptamers could specifically recognize GCRV‐infected CIK cells, with calculated dissociation constants (Kd) of 220.86, 176.63 and 278.66 nM for aptamers GVI‐1, GVI‐7 and GVI‐11, respectively, which indicated that they could serve as specific delivery system for antiviral therapies. The targets of aptamers GVI‐1, GVI‐7 and GVI‐11 on the surface of GCRV‐infected cells could be membrane proteins, which were trypsin‐sensitive. Furthermore, FAM‐labelled aptamer GVI‐7 could be applied to detect GCRV infection in vivo. It is the first time to generate and characterize aptamers against GCRV‐infected cells. These aptamers have great potentials in development of rapid diagnosis technology and antiviral agents against GCRV infection in aquaculture.     

湖南首次发现东方行军蚁为害茶树

【目的】鉴定并描述发生在湖南慈利的一种为害茶树根茎部的茶树害虫,以期明确其种名并为生产防治提供依据。【方法】采用形态学及DNA条形码技术对其进行物种鉴定,进一步对其生物学进行记录和描述。【结果】通过形态学和分子生物学研究,该虫被鉴定为东方行军蚁(Dorylus orientalis westwood,1835)。该虫蛀食茶树根茎部皮层进行为害,被害茶园形成多处缺株,产量损失大,严重影响茶树的生长和产量。【结论】东方行军蚁是一种新记录的茶树害虫,具有虫体较小、繁殖力强、为害具有隐蔽性的特点,可采取灯光诱杀、毒饵诱杀和化学防治等措施进行防治。     

膜联蛋白B1在猪囊尾蚴免疫逃避作用的研究进展

膜联蛋白是一类有效的内源性调节蛋白,在Ca²⁺存在的条件下与膜磷脂结合,参与细胞活动的多种功能,其与肿瘤发生、自身免疫性疾病、病毒和寄生虫感染等密切相关。作为膜联蛋白家族成员Annexin B1具有独特的氨基酸残基结构,与不同种属的寄生虫入侵特异性宿主密切相关。本文主要阐述了膜联蛋白的种类及膜联蛋白B1在猪囊尾蚴感染宿主机体过程中免疫逃避的作用,旨在探索其猪囊尾蚴感染的免疫逃避机制。深入对膜联蛋白B1和囊尾蚴之间相互关系的进一步了解,以及膜联蛋白B1在寄生虫免疫中更深入的研究,对寄生虫免疫逃避的生物学意义和寄生虫病诊断治疗提供了相关的策略。     

瞬时转速波动在轴向柱塞泵故障诊断中的应用

针对轴向柱塞泵配流盘磨损的故障诊断所使用的信号大多存在非平稳、非线性特性的缺点,提出利用轴向柱塞泵的瞬时转速波动信号进行故障诊断.利用瞬时转速波动信号良好的抗噪性能与经过阶比分析后可以转化为角度域内的平稳信号的特点,以克服传统监测信号的不足.通过动力学分析对轴向柱塞泵瞬时转速波动的成因进行了溯源.结果表明,对于具有Z个柱塞的轴向柱塞泵,活塞的惯性力和配流副处的库仑摩擦力会产生Z倍于转频的转矩波动,从而在轴向柱塞泵主轴上产生Z阶转速波动.柱塞高压腔的压力的变化会产生2Z倍于转频的转矩波动,从而在轴向柱塞泵主轴上产生2Z阶转速波动.在变负载条件下对理论分析结果进行了试验验证,结果表明对于9柱塞的轴向柱塞泵,其9阶瞬时转速波动分量幅值的变化可以很好地反映出配流盘磨损状况的变化.随着配流盘磨损程度增加,9阶瞬时转速波动的最大幅值从1.229增大至2.023 r/min;9阶瞬时转速波动分量幅值随着配流盘磨损加剧而增大.     

加工与贮藏条件对偃松种鳞精油抑菌活性和功能稳定性的影响

以偃松(Pinus pumila)种鳞为试验材料,采用盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油;以大肠杆菌(Esche-richia coli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)4种常见腐败菌为供试菌,以抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度为评价指标,分析热、酸碱性、光照、金属离子和壳聚糖等处理条件对偃松种鳞精油抑菌活性和功能稳定性的影响.结果表明:偃松种鳞精油对4种供试菌种均有明显的抑菌效果,对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌效果强于对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌效果.精油抑菌稳定性试验表明,4℃长时间贮藏、25℃短时间处理、紫外线处理,对精油抑菌活性无显著影响;在60、80℃处理时,精油的抑菌活性明显下降;而酸性、金属离子(CaCl2、KCl、FeCl3、FeCl2)、壳聚糖处理时,均提高了种鳞精油的抑菌活性.     

木醋液对桃蚜生长繁殖的急慢性效应

为了明确木醋液对桃蚜短、长期影响,以桃蚜为试虫,用100倍稀释木醋液处理小白菜饲养蚜虫,测得桃蚜繁殖发育数据。结果显示,木醋液处理显著缩短桃蚜繁殖期,而F₁代繁殖期比F₀代繁殖期延长37%;F₀代和F₁代产蚜总量与对照组相比分别降低62%和66%;处理组F₁代和F₂代的存活率比对照组降低23%和24%,但F₁代和F₂代之间差异不显著;F₁代寿命缩短25%,F₂代差异不显著。本研究证明木醋液能够缩短桃蚜的繁殖期,延长其若蚜历期,整体缩短桃蚜寿命,降低子代存活率。总之,木醋液对桃蚜的生长发育和繁殖具有一定的抑制作用,但是这种抑制作用会随着施用频次增加而逐渐减弱,即木醋液的短期效应和长期效应存在差异,所以木醋液具有开发为生物农药的价值。     

植物外源多酚氧化酶酶促合成茶黄素的研究进展

近年来,茶黄素作为一种具有多种生理功能的天然物质,受到国内外研究者们的广泛关注.本文从筛选酶促合成茶黄素PPO的酶源、影响茶黄素制备的因素、酶工程技术在制备茶黄素上的运用以及植物源PPO结构特点和酶促氧化茶黄素机理等方面综述PPO酶促合成茶黄素的研究进展,以望能为工业化制备茶黄素提供参考.     

Effects of water temperatures and dietary protein levels on growth,body composition and blood biochemistry of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of water temperature (WT) and dietary protein levels on growth, body composition and blood biochemistry of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; initial average body weight: 38.75 ± 0.61g, n = 20). The fish were fed with six diets contained graded levels of protein (209.6, 251.0, 302.4, 354.3, 401.9 and 456.8 g/kg) and raised in each of WT (22°C, 28°C and 34°C) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the growth, feed utilization and protein efficiency were significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level and followed by the latter platform at each WT. The fish raised at 28 and 34°C showed similar growth performance, and their values were significantly higher than the fish raised at 22°C (p < 0.05). The lipid contents in whole body were decreases with the increase of dietary protein level at each WT. However, the whole‐body protein, ash and moisture contents were not affected by dietary protein level or WT (p > 0.05). The values of serum biochemical indices (ALP, ALT, AST and TCHO) were all decreased with the increase of dietary protein. The optimal dietary protein requirement for GIFT tilapia to achieve maximal growth performance is 374.4, 301.7 and 304.9 g protein/kg diet at 22, 28 and 34°C, respectively.     

CD40 induces an antimicrobial response against the intracellular pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Streptococcus agalactiae is a Gram‐positive facultative intracellular bacterium that leads to severe economic loss of tilapia worldwide. Previous studies demonstrated that CD40 contributes to host protection against intracellular injection. In this study, CD40 was characterized from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), named OnCD40. Sequence analysis showed that open reading frame of OnCD40 was 933 bp, containing a single peptide, a transmembrane domain and four cysteine‐rich domains. The qRT‐PCR revealed that OnCD40 was expressed in all examined tissues with the most abundant ones in spleen and thymus. After S. agalactiae stimulation, the expression of OnCD40 was significantly induced in most of the detected organs. Moreover, OnCD40‐overexpressing fish elicited significant protection against subsequent S. agalactiae challenge; approximately 10000‐fold fewer bacteria were detected in spleen of OnCD40‐overexpressing fish in comparison with control fish. Thus, CD40 had protecting function in Nile tilapia against intracellular pathogens.