丛生竹林下竹荪富硒菌棒覆土栽培技术

在丛生竹林下对不同基质配方和硒浓度菌棒进行埋棒栽培以及覆土方式栽培试验，结果表明，菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪产量及其营养成分有显著影响，而且三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式有利于提高竹荪产量。改良基质配方菌棒竹荪产量比常规配方提高约50%；在添加外源硒质量分数为0~2.0 mg/kg的浓度范围内，竹荪子实体产量先随着硒浓度的增加而逐渐增加后再有所降低，基质中添加1.5 mg/kg硒肥比不添加产量提高了195.30%。基质中添加硒质量分数为1.0~2.0 mg/kg的硒肥可以较显著地提高竹荪花的硒含量，其干物质中硒含量平均值从约2.50 mg/kg提高到8.05~13.30 mg/kg，外源硒肥利用率达到9.70%~15.36%。菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪子实体的粗蛋白及粗多糖含量有明显影响，改良配方竹荪蛋与竹荪花的粗蛋白含量是常规配方的1.21和1.29倍，其粗多糖含量是常规配方的4.81和1.35倍；基质中添加硒肥与不添加硒肥相比，竹荪蛋与竹荪花中粗蛋白含量分别增加了40.90%和14.30%。在硒质量分数为1.0 mg/kg的竹荪菌棒林下覆土栽培试验中，三列浅沟形覆土方式单位面积鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，为10.27 kg/m²；双列龟背形覆土方式单个菌棒的鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，达1.40 kg。三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式基质生物转化率分别为93.00%和94.14%，达到了较高水平。     

赣江源自然保护区伯乐树次生林群落特征及种间关联性

本研究以石城县赣江源自然保护区内的伯乐树群落为研究对象,基于野外样地调查,对伯乐树生境特征和群落特征进行了初步的分析.结果表明:伯乐树分布在该保护区701～953 m的低山区域.群落共有植物17科24属29种.其中乔木7科9属12种,灌木10科15属17种,草本植物很少,物种组成相对简单,多样性较低.坡度和海拔是引起生境差异的重要因素,海拔、坡度以及MgO含量对物种分布的影响最大.乔木层的整体关联性表现出显著的负关联性,负关联种对居多,占总对数的51.5％,正关联对数占总对数的43.9％,无关联对数占总对数的4.5％;群落结构仍然处于不稳定阶段,而伯乐树与细叶青冈、山杜英呈现较好的正关联性,且细叶青冈在群落内重要值较大;而与罗浮栲呈现负关联性.因此,我们认为在对现有伯乐树种群进行保护时,需要结合其在不同阶段的生活习性,对林分进行全周期的管理,且正向关联的树种对于其幼苗更新有显著的作用.     

Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.     

茶树——次生植物间作茶园生态系统构建的思考

植物多样性的生态茶园建设是今后我国茶园生境管理的长期性任务.为了更加科学地选择利用靶标植物而构建植物多样性生态茶园,本文根据已有研究报道详细划分和定义了八种次生植物,主要包括影响农作物生态系统第一营养级的伴生植物,影响农作物生态系统第二营养级的驱避植物、屏障植物、诱集植物和指示植物,以及影响农作物生态系统第三营养级的养虫植物、载体植物和栖境植物.于此基础之上,从影响茶园生态系统三级营养关系的角度,提出了四种模式的茶树-次生植物间作茶园生态系统,讨论了次生植物多样性茶园生态系统构建注意事项.     

互联网+环境下饲料品牌的策划和实践

随着市场环境的不断发展变化,消费者越来越重视产品的品牌效益,品牌建设已成为当前饲料企业市场竞争中取胜的重要法宝,饲料企业可通过品牌策划与实践提升产品的知名度,加强企业自身的商业信誉,从而提升饲料产品的销售份额,有效扩大消费群体,为企业的长远发展提供广阔的潜力。因此,饲料企业要重视互联网+环境下品牌的策划与实践,通过优化策划方案、创新推广路径等方式加强企业品牌建设。     

Effectiveness of crop straws,and swine manure in ameliorating acidic red soils: a laboratory study

Purpose

Crop straws and animal manure have the potential to ameliorate acidic soils, but their effectiveness and the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two crop (maize and soybean) straws, swine manure, and their application rates on acidity changes in acidic red soils (Ferralic Cambisol) differing in initial pH.

Materials and methods

Two red soils were collected after 21 years of the (1) no fertilization history (CK soil, pH 5.46) and (2) receiving annual chemical nitrogen (N) fertilization (N soil, pH 4.18). The soils were incubated for 105 days at 25 °C after amending the crop straws or manure at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g kg^?1 (w/w), and examined for changes in pH, exchangeable acidity, N mineralization, and speciation in 2 M KCl extract as ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate plus nitrite (NO₃^??+?NO₂^?).

Results and discussion

All three organic materials significantly decreased soil acidity (dominated by aluminum) as the application rate increased. Soybean straw was as effective (sometimes more effective) as swine manure in raising pH in both soils. Soybean straw and swine manure both significantly reduced exchangeable acidity at amendment rate as low as 10 g kg^?1 in the highly acidic N soil, but swine manure was more effective in reducing the total acidity especially exchangeable aluminum (e.g., in the N soil from initial 5.79 to 0.50 cmol₍₊₎ kg^?1 compared to 2.82 and 4.19 cmol₍₊₎ kg^?1 by soybean straw and maize straw, respectively). Maize straw was less effective than soybean straw in affecting soil pH and the acidity. The exchangeable aluminum decreased at a rate of 4.48 cmol₍₊₎ kg^?1 per pH unit increase for both straws compared to 6.25 cmol₍₊₎ kg^?1 per pH unit from the manure. The NO₃^??+?NO₂^? concentration in soil increased significantly for swine manure amendment, but decreased markedly for straw treatments. The high C/N ratio in the straws led to N immobilization and pH increase.

Conclusions

While swine manure continues to be effective for ameliorating soil acidity, crop straw amendment has also shown a good potential to ameliorate the acidity of the red soil. Thus, after harvest, straws should preferably not be removed from the field, but mixed with the soil to decelerate acidification. The long-term effect of straw return on soil acidity management warrants further determination under field conditions.

     

Genomewide association analysis of salt tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Salinity is a common abiotic stress causing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss worldwide. The use of tolerant cultivars is an effective and economic approach to coping with this stress. Towards this, research is needed to identify salt‐tolerant germplasm and better understand the genetic and molecular basis of salt tolerance in soybean. The objectives of this study were to identify salt‐tolerant genotypes, to search for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and QTLs associated with salt tolerance. A total of 192 diverse soybean lines and cultivars were screened for salt tolerance in the glasshouse based on visual leaf scorch scores after 15–18 days of 120 mM NaCl stress. These genotypes were further genotyped using the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip. Genomewide association mapping showed that 62 SNP markers representing six genomic regions on chromosomes (Chr.) 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 18, respectively, were significantly associated with salt tolerance (p < 0.001). A total of 52 SNP markers on Chr. 3 are mapped at or near the major salt tolerance QTL previously identified in S‐100 (Lee et al., 2014). Three SNPs on Chr. 18 map near the salt tolerance QTL previously identified in Nannong1138‐2 (Chen, Cui, Fu, Gai, & Yu, 2008). The other significant SNPs represent four putative minor QTLs for salt tolerance, newly identified in this study. The results above lay the foundation for fine mapping, cloning and molecular breeding for soybean salt tolerance.     

绿翅绢野螟幼虫头部感器超微结构观察

为探讨和分析绿翅绢野螟Diaphania angustalis(Snellen)幼虫头部感器的功能及其作用机制,通过扫描电镜对其触角和口器上的感器进行了观察。结果表明:绿翅绢野螟幼虫头式为下口式,头部具有触角、上唇、上颚、下颚和下唇。触角短小,位于幼虫头部侧下方,分3节,其梗节和鞭节分布有4种类型的感器,即毛形感器、短毛感器、锥形感器和栓锥形感器。口器分为上唇、上颚、下颚和下唇4个部分,共具有6种类型感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、指形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器和小感觉锥。刺形感器数量较多,分布范围广,口器上各部位均有分布;毛形感器仅分布于上唇;指形感器仅分布于内唇;锥形感器仅分布于下颚;栓锥形感器在下颚和下唇皆有分布;指形感器为内唇所特有。     

干旱胁迫对不同藜麦种子萌发及生理特性的影响

为研究不同干旱程度对不同藜麦种子萌发及幼苗生长期耐旱性的影响,以忻藜1号（黑藜）、忻藜2号（白藜）和忻藜3号（红藜）为材料,采用培养皿萌发、土培育苗的方法,设置6个PEG 6000浓度梯度（0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）,对3种藜麦的种子和幼苗进行处理,测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、下胚轴长、根长等指标和幼苗脯氨酸含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理指标。结果表明：（1）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,藜麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、下胚轴长和根长都呈现逐渐降低的趋势,用回归分析求得白藜半致死PEG 6000干旱胁迫浓度为20.02%,黑藜为20.25%,红藜为24.70%;（2）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,3种藜麦幼苗SOD和POD活性都呈先升后降的趋势;MDA和脯氨酸含量与干旱胁迫程度呈显著正相关关系。由此可得,红藜耐旱性最强,黑藜次之,白藜最差。     

葛根实生种子培育技术初探

近年来,我国葛根产业发展迅速,种植面积越来越大,同时也暴露出葛根品种退化、单一等问题。杂交育种是选育葛根新品种的重要途径之一,但是受南方气候、种植条件等的限制,得到的葛根实生种子小、数量少、质量差、发芽率低,不利于葛根杂交育种工作开展。因此,笔者进行了多次葛根实生种子培育试验,包括种植地选择、整地、种子预处理与催芽、袋装假植培育、苗期管理、大田移栽等方面,为葛根杂交育种提供理论参考和技术借鉴。