从嘉禾屯田到现代水稻发展

水稻农耕的发展推动了人类文明的进步,水稻成为嘉兴最重要的粮食作物。解决好吃饭问题始终是治国理政的头等大事。介绍了嘉兴（嘉禾）屯田的历史和作用,屯田的主要目的是解决军供和民食。简述了嘉兴现代水稻发展的成就及未来粮食发展的重要性,指出了对策。     

干旱处理对不同玉米品种叶片光合速率和抗氧化特性及产量的影响

玉米是对干旱比较敏感的粮食作物,不同品种应对干旱胁迫的能力存在差异。以6个普通玉米品种为材料,在北京市郊区大田条件下,采用裂区设计,以灌溉处理为对照,分析干旱处理对不同玉米品种叶片光合速率（P_n）和抗氧化特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱处理下不同品种玉米P_n降低幅度为京农科728（15.63%）相似文献   

中华鳖MHCⅡα基因cDNA的克隆及组织表达分析

为了探究中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)的主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)的结构和功能，本研究利用RACE技术成功克隆获得中华鳖MHCⅡα基因的cDNA全长序列，其长度为1296 bp，开放阅读框(ORF)为807 bp，共编码268个氨基酸，分为信号肽序列、Ⅱ类组织相容性抗原α结构域、IGc1结构域及跨膜结构域4个功能结构域。通过NJ法构建的系统进化树分析显示，中华鳖与西部锦龟(Chrysemys picta bellii)亲缘较近，而与哺乳类、鸟类及鱼类亲缘关系较远。荧光定量PCR结果显示，MHCⅡα mRNA在中华鳖8个组织中均有表达，在脾、心、肝及肠组织中表达水平较高，在肌肉组织中表达量最低。感染嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila) 12 h后，中华鳖MHCⅡα mRNA在肝和肠组织中的表达显著上调；感染1 d时，在脾组织中的表达显著上调；感染1 d及5 d时，在肾组织中的表达显著上调。研究表明，中华鳖MHCⅡα基因参与了中华鳖免疫反应。     

抗旱节水小麦分子遗传育种研究进展

干旱缺水等自然灾害会导致小麦产量年度间变幅较大,尤其在小麦主产区黄淮地区更为严重。小麦抗旱节水育种是应对干旱的重大措施。本综述对小麦抗旱节水常规育种、抗旱节水分子遗传育种相关性状QTL定位、抗旱相关功能基因克隆鉴定、转基因等方面的研究进展进行了综述。水旱亲本杂交与异地交叉选择是卓有成效的常规育种方法,通过分子标记鉴定了关于根重、根长、胚芽鞘、高水分利用效率等相关性状的大量QTL;42个抗旱相关基因被克隆并进行基因功能分析和验证,均从不同代谢通路上影响着小麦抗旱性;14个来自不同供体的抗旱相关基因被研究者导入小麦品种后,转基因小麦植株的抗旱能力均得到不同程度的提高,部分植株在产量和其它抗逆性方面也得到提高。以上研究进展为抗旱节水小麦分子设计育种提供了理论依据和发展方向。     

基于土地利用变化的河北省坝上地区景观生态风险评价

[目的]对河北省坝上地区近40 a来的土地利用动态变化和生态风险进行分析评价并对未来趋势作出预测,为该地区生态建设和治理、可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于坝上地区1980—2018年5期土地利用数据以及通过土地转移矩阵、空间相关性分析等方法揭示和预测该区1980—2026年的土地利用变化特征并评估该区生态风险水平。[结果](1)整个研究期间,坝上地区土地利用类型以耕地为主,所占比例近50%,其中,1980—2018年,耕地、林地扩张面积均超过300 km~2,草地减少近616.60 km~2,水域面积缩减36.04%,其中耕地、林地、草地之间的互相流转程度较为剧烈,空间变化上表现为各地类的重心在2000—2010年明显迁移。(2)1980—2026年,坝上地区6个时期内生态风险值全局空间自相关Moran’s I指数均在0.500左右,其空间分布表现出较高的趋同集聚性。(3)近40 a来,坝上生态风险水平升至为高风险级,其区域增加了123.22 km~2,较高风险区域分布在城镇地区,据CA-Markov模型预测,未来坝上地区中等及中等以上风险区域持续扩张,丰宁县和围场县将分别出现小规模高风险区和较高风险区。[结论](1)近40 a来坝上地区草地退化严重,水域面积显著减少,原因系安固里淖干涸所致。(2)该区生态风险水平与土地格局分布具有较强相关性,且在未来会继续升高。     

基于qPCR和LAMP技术的马铃薯晚疫病菌快速检测方法

马铃薯晚疫病菌（Phytophthora infestans）能侵染多种茄科植物,它引起的马铃薯晚疫病,是马铃薯生产中的第一大病害。为了开发能在田间快速检测马铃薯晚疫病病原的方法,利用P. infestans T30-4基因组测序数据的contig 1.18131,设计qPCR和LAMP引物,优化扩增条件后得到引物的特异性和灵敏度,最后通过检测田间收获薯块,比较形态学传统方法、qPCR及LAMP的差异。特异性检测结果发现,qPCR和LAMP仅在含有P. infestans DNA模板的体系有阳性扩增,在寄主和其他微生物DNA中均无扩增;在优化的条件下,qPCR和LAMP的检测下限可达1×10 ^-6ng/μL,在有寄主和其他微生物DNA存在的条件下,引物的灵敏度没有显著差异。利用两种快速方法对在大理、丽江及昆明3个地区田间收获薯块上检测发现,qPCR和LAMP方法得到的检出率差异极为不显著（P=0.420）,两种快速检测方法和形态学鉴定方法检出率差异极显著（P=0.009）。在大理、丽江及昆明3个地区的薯块中,两种分子检测方法检出率均比形态学方法高。其中,qPCR检测方法比形态学方法分别提高了12.00%、2.00%、8.70%;LAMP检测方法比形态学方法分别提高了11.30%、2.00%、8.70%。     

基于GF-1影像的沿淮地区冬季耕地撂荒遥感调查应用

耕地作为一种稀缺资源对国家和农民来说都具有极其重要的意义,但随着市场经济的深入和农村经济的发展,农村耕地撂荒现象时有发生,撂荒耕地必然导致土地资源浪费,影响到中国粮食安全和农民增收,也不利于农村经济社会稳定发展。沿淮地区是安徽省乃至全国重要的商品粮生产基地,但近年来冬季撂荒情况日益严重。该文拟选取安徽省霍邱县,利用2015、2016、2017三年冬小麦生长期内的GF-1卫星16 m多光谱影像,提取霍邱县冬季作物种植的空间分布和面积,通过多年数据对比,来分析霍邱县近年冬季耕地撂荒情况。结果显示:2015、2016、2017三个年度冬小麦种植面积分别为937.72,821.79,608.91km~2。参照2015年度冬小麦种植情况,2016年度冬季撂荒面积115.93 km~2、占比12.36%,2017年度冬季撂荒面积328.81 km~2、占比35.06%。结合实地调研分析,霍邱县近年来冬季撂荒面积不断增大的的主要原因有农田排灌等水利设施不足、稻茬麦效益低、外出务工等。而2017年度撂荒面积明显增加的直接原因是冬小麦播种期间,出现连续阴雨异常天气,低洼地区田间积水严重,致使冬小麦无法播种,被动撂荒。该文的研究可以为沿淮地区冬季撂荒遥感调查提供技术参考。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

Isolation and characterisation of phages against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae

Purpose: Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causes bacterial canker of kiwifruit and is responsible for severe economic losses and emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect target bacterial hosts and may be the best strategy to prevent and control kiwifruit canker disease. The objective of this experiment was to monitor the prevalence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and provide insight for the use of phages in biological control.

Materials and methods: In this study, 52 strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae were isolated from 68 stem samples of kiwi plant (cv. Hongyang & Jinkui). Following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, 15 isolates belonging to biovar 3 were identified, one of which was named XWY0007 and used as the target strain to isolate the phages. Thirty-six phages were isolated and purified from a total of 51 surface water samples collected in Shanghai. All phages were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their host ranges were evaluated. Three phages, designated φXWY0013, φXWY0014 and φXWY0026 were selected and further characterised using one-step growth curve and stability at different temperatures and pH.

Results and conclusions: The isolated phages are promising for use as antimicrobials against bacterial canker in kiwi. This report is regarding Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and its phages from major areas of kiwifruit cultivation.     

豇豆新品种之豇618的选育

之豇618是以从四川引进的麻子豇豆为母本,以从辽宁引进的ZH优选株系为父本进行杂交,采用系统选育结合分子标记辅助抗枯萎病鉴定育成的中熟豇豆新品种。植株蔓生,花紫色,主侧蔓均可结荚,平均单株结荚14.4条;商品荚油绿色,条荚顺直,喙绿色,鼠尾少,平均荚长63.7 cm,单荚质量26.6 g,豆荚肉厚,粗纤维含量低,口感糯、微甜,可溶性糖含量为24.0 mg · g~(-1);对日照长短不敏感,中抗枯萎病和病毒病,早期产量与之豇106相当,总产量2 000 kg · (667 m~2)~(-1)左右,适宜在全国各地(除高寒地区外)种植。