国际发展项目评估比较分析及其对亚太森林组织的启示

亚太森林组织是亚太地区最具活力和影响力的涉林国际组织之一,完善亚太森林组织评估体系是当前的重点工作。文中在总结国际发展项目评估主要理论框架和方法的基础上,分析比较7个具有代表性的国际组织和发展援助机构的评估管理构架、评估政策与实践方面的特点,以及各机构评估体系的共性和差异。结果发现,各机构评估体系特点与其机构性质,管理架构,项目和活动类型、规模等因素密切相关。借鉴成熟国际组织评估管理的成功经验和做法,结合亚太森林组织评估工作现状和问题,提出完善亚太森林组织评估体系的思考和建议。     

一株抑草真菌发酵液中的抑草成分分析

为了鉴定从桉树根际筛选到的微生物的抑草潜力和抑草成分,以桉树根际土壤中筛选到的一株真菌为材料,利用生物测试验证菌株发酵液的抑草潜力,利用GC-MS对菌株发酵液抑草成分进行验证。结果表明,不同浓度菌株发酵液对稗草的根长、株高和干重都有显著的抑制作用,对稗草根长抑制率最大为稀释50倍时,抑制率为7.55%;对稗草株高和干重抑制率最高为原液,抑制率分别为56.53%和25.46%。GC-MS鉴定共检测到86个物质,含氮化合物最多,占59.10%,其次为羧酸及酯类化合物,占19.26%。抑草物质生物测试结果表明,邻香豆酸、柠檬醛和胡椒碱在低浓度时对莴苣的根长和株高都有很强的抑制作用。表明该菌株能够产生多种化感物质的结构类似物,使得菌株发酵液具有很强的抑草作用,具有开发为微生物除草剂的潜力。     

Screening and Verification of Low Nitrogen Tolerant and Nitrogen Sensitive Cotton Germplasm

[Objective] The aim of this study is to evaluate nitrogen efficient cotton germplasms and improve nitrogen use efficiency. [Method] Eighty cotton germplasms were selected and evaluated in the hydroponic experiment under low (0.25 mmol·L^－1) and high (5 mmol·L^－1) nitrogen concentration. Different traits for screening were identified and nitrogen use efficiency types were classified. Field experiments were also performed for comparison and confirmation of the identified germplasms. [Result] The results showed that there were significant differences in the total plant dry matter, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency in cotton germplasms at the two nitrogen levels. Based on coefficient of variation, principal component analysis and correlation, six traits including total plant dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total nitrogen accumulation, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency were used as screening indicators. According to the Heatmap clustering analysis and the nitrogen efficiency comprehensive index, two germplasms (Lu05R59 and CCRI 69) were identified as low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient, and two germplasms (Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30) as low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient. The results of field experiment were consistent with the results of the hydroponic culture at the seedling stage. [Conclusion] It was finally determined that Lu05R59 and CCRI 69 were the low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient germplasms, and Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30 were low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient germplasms. The results of these studies provide the possibility for screening and rapid identification of nitrogen use efficiency in cotton at the seedling stage, and provide the ideal materials and theoretical basis for further study of cotton nitrogen efficient.     

四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量时空变化及其成因

为深入认识四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)的变化特征,利用1980—2016年四川35个气象站的逐日气象观测资料,采用泰森多边形、气候倾向率和克里金空间插值等方法对其冬春季ET₀的时空变化特征进行分析,并通过敏感性和贡献率分析了ET₀的变化成因。结果表明:ET₀的年代际变化呈先降后增的趋势,空间上呈明显的西南高东部低的分布特征,且高值区范围持续扩大,低值区范围波动缩小。ET₀的年际变化呈上升趋势,春季ET₀气候倾向率和空间差异明显大于冬季,且ET₀高值区与低值区空间分布受海拔高度影响明显。ET₀的同一日多年平均值自初冬至初春逐渐上升,1月22日—5月2日仅有8 d的ET₀值低于多年日平均值,具有明显连续的高值时段。ET₀对日照时数的变化最敏感,其次是对相对湿度与平均气温,对三者均呈高敏感性。平均气温的正贡献率是引起ET₀变化的主导因子,其次是相对湿度。研究时段内平均气温的升高对ET₀的正效应和相对湿度的降低对ET₀的负效应,超过了日照时数减少对ET₀的减少效应,导致四川地区冬春季ET₀呈上升趋势。     

高产、抗病转基因抗虫棉品种——中棉所94A915

概述了中棉所94A915的选育经过、特征特性，并总结了其关键栽培技术。     

基于Meta分析评价秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同生态区域小麦产量的影响

为了明确秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响,利用Meta定量分析方法分析秸秆覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响。以“半干旱区”、“秸秆覆盖”和“小麦产量”为关键词搜集、筛选并整理1970-2019年公开发表的相关文献,建立综合文献数据库。分析秸秆覆盖、不同秸秆覆盖量、不同年均降雨量和不同年均积温与小麦产量的关系。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可以增加北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域的小麦产量,主要通过增加有效穗数使小麦平均增产12.77%;当秸秆覆盖量为6 000~9 000kg/hm ²时,小麦增产率最高,为14.49%（9.01%~20.52%,CI>95%）;当年均降雨量为200~400mm时,小麦增产率最高,为19.36%（9.86%~28.49%,CI>95%）;当年均积温为0℃~3 000℃时,小麦增产率最高,为19.56%（16.36%~22.39%,CI>95%）。此研究结果可为我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域采用秸秆覆盖技术栽培小麦提供理论依据。     

3种螯合剂对铅胁迫下香樟幼苗生长及铅富集的影响

为了研究在添加不同螯合剂的情况下,植物对土壤Pb(铅)胁迫的生理生长反应及对Pb的富集转运情况,揭示其变化机制,筛选出较好的螯合剂及适宜的质量摩尔浓度,选择香樟幼苗为试验对象,在Pb质量分数为1045 mg·kg^-1土壤中分别添加柠檬酸、苹果酸和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)3种螯合剂,每种螯合剂分别设置了0、2、4、6、8 mmol·kg^-15个质量摩尔浓度,测量香樟幼苗的生长指标、生理指标以及Pb富集转运等指标并进行统计分析。结果表明:3种螯合剂对香樟幼苗生长生理及Pb的富集转运均有显著影响,随着3种螯合剂质量摩尔浓度的增加,Pb胁迫加重;同一质量摩尔浓度下,多数指标,经EDTA处理的分别与经柠檬酸和苹果酸处理的结果有显著差异,柠檬酸和苹果酸处理二者之间差异不显著;EDTA质量摩尔浓度不大于2 mmol·kg^-1,柠檬酸、苹果酸质量摩尔浓度不大于4 mmol·kg^-1,香樟生长状况及Pb吸收综合效果最好。综合分析得出:柠檬酸、苹果酸、EDTA都具有促进植物吸收土壤Pb的作用,3种螯合剂均能提高香樟幼苗的富集系数和转移系数;当土壤Pb质量分数为1045 mg·kg^-1、EDTA质量摩尔浓度为2 mmol·kg^-1、柠檬酸和苹果酸质量摩尔浓度为4 mmol·kg^-1时,香樟幼苗吸收土壤Pb的效果最佳。在达到同等效率的前提下,建议优先选用柠檬酸或苹果酸为宜。     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.