东北宿根花卉在花海建设中的应用——以莲花山花海项目为例

本文以莲花山南北向花海的东北宿根花卉种植为例,介绍了东北宿根花卉在花海及园林绿化工程中的应用,并总结了在施工过程中遇到的问题,为今后花海的景观设计及施工提供思路和方向.     

‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

钒(V3+)与水钠锰矿共沉淀的相互作用及对Pb2+和Zn2+的去除研究

[目的]随着科技的发展,钒(V)元素在材料上的应用逐渐成为关注的焦点,但随之而来的潜在环境危险也逐渐突出.因此,对于V在环境中迁移转化的行为值得深入研究.研究表明,土壤及沉积物质中的矿物对环境中污染元素的迁移转化有较强的控制作用,且环境中钒与氧化锰的含量正相关关系.此外,水钠锰矿是环境中较为常见的层状氧化锰,因其分布广和活性强,常作为层状氧化锰的模式矿物进行研究.因此,水钠锰矿与V元素的相互作用及环境效应有待进一步探究.[方法]通过V3+阳离子与水钠锰矿共沉淀方式制备含V的水钠锰矿,采用XRD、FTIR、SEM和XAS等技术以及湿法化学和等温吸附实验相结合,分析V与水钠锰矿共沉淀后,V对水钠锰矿形貌特征及性质的影响,以及V在水钠锰矿中的存在形态.[结果]随着V3+含量的增加,水钠锰矿c轴方向尺寸从10.98 nm显著下降到2.96 nm,比表面积有增大趋势,而水钠锰矿花球状颗粒显著减小.水钠锰中的V元素最终是五价,少部分的V5+进入了水钠锰矿层内减少了Mn4+的含量,降低了空位含量;其它较多的则可能以VO43?或和V6O162?的阴离子团或簇的方式存在于层间和吸附在边面位点.且在重金属去除中,随着掺V含量增加,水钠锰矿对Pb2+去除率增加,但对Zn2+去除率降低.[结论]V3+与水钠锰矿的共沉淀,使得水钠锰矿负电荷增多,导致K+离子含量上升;同时V元素被氧化为V5+,可以不同形式存在于水钠锰矿的层间、层内和边面,从而增强了水钠锰矿对Pb2+和Zn2+的选择性去除.上述结论为V的环境行为和归趋提供了理论基础.     

Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.     

斑马鱼幼鱼嗜中性粒细胞对副溶血弧菌清除的动态变化

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是人-兽-鱼共患的致病菌,严重威胁食品安全和人类的健康。为了研究宿主嗜中性粒细胞清除细菌感染的动态变化过程,利用红色荧光蛋白标记的副溶血弧菌Vp57~(RFP)菌株感染受精后48 h(hours post fertilization,hpf)的斑马鱼(Danio rerio)幼鱼耳泡,建立局部感染模型,并以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Ec01菌株为对照,系统比较了副溶血弧菌和大肠杆菌的半数致死剂量(median lethal dose,LD_(50))、存活曲线以及和嗜中性粒细胞相互作用的动态过程,RT-qPCR验证炎症相关基因il1b和il10在感染前后的表达量变化。结果显示副溶血弧菌和大肠杆菌感染斑马鱼幼鱼的LD_(50)分别为7.90×10~8 CFU/mL和1.14×10~(11) CFU/mL,与感染大肠杆菌相比,斑马鱼感染副溶血弧菌后招募嗜中性粒细胞的速度更快,且数量更多。RT-qPCR结果发现斑马鱼感染副溶血弧菌后在相同时间点能够激活更高的il1b和il10基因的表达,引起强烈的炎症反应。基于以上研究,我们建立的副溶血弧菌-斑马鱼幼鱼耳泡局部感染模型,为进一步研究嗜中性粒细胞清除副溶血弧菌感染的动态过程,以及深入揭示天然免疫应答机制提供了依据。     

乡村振兴视域下山区农业发展路径——以皖南山区黄山市精致农业发展为例

以皖南山区黄山市为例对精致农业发展情况进行了分析,重点从3个方面阐述了其存在的问题和不足,之后从5个方面系统探讨在实施乡村振兴战略背景下提升山区精致农业发展的有效途径.     

Improvement,identification, and target prediction for miRNAs in the porcine genome by using massive,public high-throughput sequencing data

Despite the broad variety of available microRNA (miRNA) research tools and methods, their application to the identification, annotation, and target prediction of miRNAs in nonmodel organisms is still limited. In this study, we collected nearly all public sRNA-seq data to improve the annotation for known miRNAs and identify novel miRNAs that have not been annotated in pigs (Sus scrofa). We newly annotated 210 mature sequences in known miRNAs and found that 43 of the known miRNA precursors were problematic due to redundant/missing annotations or incorrect sequences. We also predicted 811 novel miRNAs with high confidence, which was twice the current number of known miRNAs for pigs in miRBase. In addition, we proposed a correlation-based strategy to predict target genes for miRNAs by using a large amount of sRNA-seq and RNA-seq data. We found that the correlation-based strategy provided additional evidence of expression compared with traditional target prediction methods. The correlation-based strategy also identified the regulatory pairs that were controlled by nonbinding sites with a particular pattern, which provided abundant complementarity for studying the mechanism of miRNAs that regulate gene expression. In summary, our study improved the annotation of known miRNAs, identified a large number of novel miRNAs, and predicted target genes for all pig miRNAs by using massive public data. This large data-based strategy is also applicable for other nonmodel organisms with incomplete annotation information.     

硒肥与钝化材料组配对土壤Cd钝化及稻米Cd消减效果

为了探讨不同硒肥施用方式联合钝化材料对土壤镉钝化和稻米镉消减的效果,采用盆栽试验的方式,选用亚硒酸钠作为硒肥,钙镁磷肥和硅藻土作为钝化材料,设置基施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土和叶面喷施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土2种方式,研究其不同用量对镉污染酸性稻田土壤修复与安全利用的影响。结果表明：随着施用量的增加,稻米产量增加,基施硒肥产量略高于叶面喷施硒肥,产量差为 2.115 g/pot,与对照(CK)相比,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒(T3)能够提高1.68倍的稻米产量;随着施用量的增加,pH升高,有效Cd降低,有机质与CEC变化不大;基施硒肥与叶面喷施硒肥处理对土壤pH、有机质与CEC差异不显著,但基施硒肥处理有效Cd含量略低于叶面喷施硒肥处理,T3对土壤Cd的钝化效果最佳;随着基施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量降低,随着叶面喷施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量先降低后升高,基施硒肥处理对稻米Cd的消减程度强于叶面喷施硒肥处理,相差 0.021 mg/kg,与对照(CK)相比,T3处理稻米Cd降低0.063 mg/kg。可见,硒对调控稻米镉累积具有重要作用,且基施硒肥强于叶面喷施。综上所述,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒对土壤Cd钝化与稻米Cd消减的效果最佳,值得在镉污染稻田推广应用。     

伏牛山生态资源开发利用与发展思考——伏牛山生态资源保护和利用对策

伏牛山属秦岭山脉的支脉,位于北亚热带和暖温带的气候分区线,是物种南北过渡、东西交汇的“陆桥”,特殊的地理位置和复杂多样的生态环境条件,使本区保存了丰富的生物多样性资源。通过对伏牛山区生态资源保护和利用现状的分析,找出薄弱环节,提出发展利用建议,以期为伏牛山生态资源的合理利用提供理论依据。     

基于TOPSIS和局部空间自相关的永久基本农田划定方法

永久基本农田划定是保护优质耕地、控制建设用地占用优质耕地的有效手段,也是高标准农田建设的基础。本文提出了一种基于优劣解距离法(Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)和局部空间自相关的永久基本农田划定方法,从耕地的自然禀赋、区位条件、建设水平和生态景观条件4个角度出发,构建较全面的综合质量评价体系,借助TOPSIS法对耕地综合质量进行评价;引入空间聚类的思想对耕地综合质量进行局部空间自相关分析;最后,依据各区域的耕地综合质量及空间聚类特征,将符合要求的耕地划入永久基本农田。以河北省高碑店市为研究区开展实证研究,结果表明,该方法划定的永久基本农田较合理,划定永久基本农田面积为339.61 km2,占高碑店市耕地总面积的81.75%,划定比例达到国家相关规程要求。本文在耕地质量评价中加入生态景观因素,并结合最佳距离阈值和改进的反距离空间权重矩阵的空间聚类方法,为永久基本农田划定提供了新思路。