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1.
Cold plasma, an ionized gas produced by applying an electrical current to air, can be used to produce plasma-activated water (PAW), which has excellent antimicrobial properties. In this study PAW was applied to conidia of Colletotrichum alienum to investigate its impact on conidial germination in vitro. PAW was produced by treating tap, deionized, or distilled water with cold plasma for 30 or 60 min to produce PAW30 or PAW60, each of which was then incubated for up to 24 hr with a conidial suspension of C. alienum in a ratio of 1:1, 1:2, or 1:3 (conidial suspension:PAW), and the percentage germination measured. The greatest reduction in germination occurred when conidia were incubated with PAW60 produced from deionized water or distilled water, for all ratios. For PAW30, deionized water was the most effective for all three ratios, and on this basis, deionized water was selected for all further experiments. PAW produced from smaller volumes of water and at shorter distances from the cold plasma source was more effective at reducing germination. Treatment of conidia with acidified water was not as effective as PAW at inhibiting germination. Nitrates and nitrites were present in the PAW in varying concentrations and may have contributed to the inhibition of germination. PAW retained activity and reduced germination even after storage for 15 days. These findings demonstrate the potential of PAW as a novel treatment for postharvest fungal pathogens.  相似文献   
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Weeds and weed control are major production costs in global agriculture, with increasing challenges associated with herbicide‐based management because of concerns with chemical residue and herbicide resistance. Non‐chemical weed management may address these challenges but requires the ability to differentiate weeds from crops. Harvest is an ideal opportunity for the differentiation of weeds that grow taller than the crop, however, the ability to differentiate late‐season weeds from the crop is unknown. Weed mapping enables farmers to locate weed patches, evaluate the success of previous weed management strategies, and assist with planning for future herbicide applications. The aim of this study was to determine whether weed patches could be differentiated from the crop plants, based on height differences. Field surveys were carried out before crop harvest in 2018 and 2019, where a total of 86 and 105 weedy patches were manually assessed respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that across the 191 assessed weedy patches, in 97% of patches with Avena fatua (wild oat) plants, 86% with Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) plants and 92% with Sonchus oleraceus L. (sow thistles) plants it was possible to distinguish the weeds taller than the 95% of the crop plants. Future work should be dedicated to the assessment of the ability of remote sensing methods such as Light Detection and Ranging to detect and map late‐season weed species based on the results from this study on crop and weed height differences.  相似文献   
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The annual plant Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) is the most widespread invasive non‐native weed in the British Isles. Manual control is widely used, but is costly and laborious. Recently, biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae has been trialled. We designed an experiment to assess the impact of these control methods on invertebrate communities in relation to unmanaged and uninvaded habitats, and to determine whether mycorrhizal inoculation aided post‐control recovery of these communities. Sixty invaded and twenty uninvaded field soil blocks were transplanted to the experiment site, where a mycorrhizal inoculum was added to half of all blocks. Biological and mechanical control treatments were applied to twenty invaded blocks independently; the twenty remaining invaded blocks were left intact. Above‐ and belowground invertebrate samples were collected from the blocks at the end of the growing season. Overall, aboveground invertebrate abundance increased with the removal of I. glandulifera, and several groups showed signs of recovery within one growing season. The effect of mechanical control was more variable in belowground invertebrates. Biological control did not affect aboveground invertebrate abundance but resulted in large increases in populations of belowground Collembola. Our experiment demonstrates that mechanical removal of I. glandulifera can cause rapid increases in invertebrate abundance and that its biological control with P. komarovii var. glanduliferae also has the potential to benefit native invertebrate communities.  相似文献   
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Dabrin  A.  Bégorre  C.  Bretier  M.  Dugué  V.  Masson  M.  Le Bescond  C.  Le Coz  J.  Coquery  M. 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2021,21(2):1256-1274
Journal of Soils and Sediments - Suspended particulate matter (SPM) transport through rivers is a major vector of nutrients and pollutants to continental shelf areas. To develop efficient sediment...  相似文献   
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Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - The Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) seeds (JQS) are generated in large amounts as a by-product in considerable quantities during industrial quince fruit...  相似文献   
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在地球化学元素循环中,氮素是最重要、最活跃的营养元素之一。农田生态系统中的氮素很大程度上决定农作物的产量和品质。然而,在全球气候变化背景下,随着大气CO2浓度和温度升高,作物-土壤氮循环的变化可能显著影响农田生态系统中的作物生产。因此,研究作物-土壤氮循环对大气CO2浓度和温度升高的响应,能够为科学合理地预测未来气候条件下,农田生态系统中作物的氮素需求,以及保障农作物产量的稳定供应提供理论依据,对于全面认识全球气候变化背景下的农田生态系统氮素循环过程及土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。本文综述了大气CO2和温度升高对作物氮素吸收和分配,以及与氮有效性密切相关的土壤氮转化的影响,并系统总结了二者对作物-土壤氮循环过程产生的交互作用。总结以往研究发现,在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,作物的蒸腾作用减弱,但光合作用增强,生物量加大,根系分支和根表面积增加,豆科作物的根瘤固氮能力提高,因此整体上促进作物对氮的吸收,并且增加作物向籽粒中分配氮的比例,但作物的平均氮浓度降低。此外,高CO2浓度提高了土壤酶活性,增强了土壤有机氮矿化作用、硝化及反硝化作用,加速了土壤氮转化。升温和CO2浓度升高对作物-土壤氮循环产生正向或负向的交互作用,主要表现在:高温和高CO2浓度对作物的生物量、光合作用、地下部氮分配、根系分支以及根表面积具有协同促进作用,升高温度减轻了高CO2浓度对作物蒸腾作用和作物氮浓度的抑制作用。然而,升温抑制了高CO2浓度对作物向籽粒中氮分配、氮吸收以及产量的促进作用;升温虽然能进一步增强高CO2浓度对土壤酶活性和有机氮矿化的促进作用,但是对于土壤硝化和反硝化作用,二者的交互作用以及相关的分子机制尚不明确。大气CO2升高和温度升高对土壤微生物,以及微生物与作物之间的耦合关系的研究比较薄弱,特别是由微生物主导的氮循环过程及其对全球气候变化的反馈机制是未来研究的重点。本文提出利用16S rRNA、DGGE、T-RFLP、qPCR、RT-PCR技术、蛋白组学以及稳定性同位素探针原位研究技术,可以将复杂环境中微生物物种组成及其生理功能进行耦合分析,揭示大气CO2浓度与温度对作物-土壤氮循环过程的交互作用机理,增强对气候变化下农田生态系统氮素循环响应的预测能力,为农田生态系统有效地适应气候变化提供科学的理论依据。  相似文献   
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Within clinical small animal practice, diagnosis of both chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury is common. To assess renal function, measurement of glomerular filtration rate is considered the gold standard. Currently, routine tests of kidney function include surrogate markers of glomerular filtration rate such as serum creatinine, and urea, each with their own limitations, whilst urine protein to creatinine ratio gives an indication of glomerular and tubular handling of protein, and urine specific gravity information about urine concentrating ability by the kidney. These parameters are used together with historical and physical examination data to give a diagnosis of kidney disease following which creatinine, proteinuria and blood pressure are used to stage chronic kidney disease and, together with urine output, grade acute kidney injury according to the International Renal Interest Society. However, there has been much concern that creatinine is insensitive when used to indicate early decline in renal function and this has highlighted the need for additional methods of diagnosing and monitoring these patients, with the potential to allow earlier therapeutic intervention. Symmetric dimethylarginine is a novel biomarker, which has been shown to perform as a surrogate marker of glomerular filtration rate in small animals. This article will review current research on symmetric dimethylarginine and the ways in which it may be utilised in small animal practice; current research supports the use of symmetric dimethylarginine as a screening test for detection of early chronic kidney disease according to International Renal Interest Society guidelines, but further research is required in to the usefulness of symmetric dimethylarginine as a tool for monitoring disease and the effect of non-renal influences.  相似文献   
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