油松侧枝的节间特征及其变异规律

【目的】为阐明油松侧枝的节间特征及其变异规律,了解当年生节间枝条和针叶的异速生长关系,揭示侧枝空间构型、活力和光合产物分配的主要影响因子。【方法】本研究在35 a生油松林内选取了5株标准木的标准枝,通过枝条解析截取了372个节间,采用统计分析和模型模拟等方法对相关问题进行了研究。【结果】结果表明:油松枝条多分为3级,近90%的节间分布在2级和3级枝,直径生长周期为1~4 a、具有针叶着生和光合功能的节间占节间总数的83%;节间直径和长度均随枝级增加而显著下降,均随节间生长周期(或形成时间)的增加而显著增加,后者在枝级间及枝级内的变异均远高于前者,后者受枝级和着生位置光照环境的影响明显高于前者。全枝70%以上的枝条生物量分布在1级枝节间,80%以上的针叶分布在2级和3级枝节间;1级和2级枝的生物量以枝条为主,3级枝以针叶为主。直径生长周期为1~3 a的节间生物量以叶为主,4 a的以枝条为主,4 a以上的以完全以枝条为主。当年生节间的不同特征变量间均成显著的异速生长关系,而非成比例变化。【结论】节间是侧枝的基本单元,其数量、质量、生长发育及其在不同枝级和形成时间的变异,以及其主要构件的异速生长关系是影响侧枝空间构型、活力和光合产物分配的主要因子。     

不同阶段猪用颗粒饲料物理性能的对比分析

对某饲料厂不同阶段猪用4种颗粒饲料的物理性能包括直径、长度、硬度、容重、含粉率和耐久性指数（Pellet Durability Index, PDI）等进行测定,对结果进行归类总结并采用统计学的方法参照有关标准进行分析。结果表明,4种颗粒饲料直径在2.87~3.94 mm之间,母猪料直径最大,小猪料最小,两两之间差异显著（P<0.05）,而且随着猪只年龄的增加,颗粒饲料的直径呈递增趋势。颗粒长度在8.62~11.94 mm之间,以大猪料最长,小猪料最短,长径比偏高。颗粒硬度在3.86~6.47 kg之间,以大猪料最大,小猪料最小,中小猪料显著低于大猪料和母猪料（P<0.05）,只有小猪料符合有关要求。颗粒容重在576.7~614.6 g/L之间,母猪料最大,小猪料最小,两两之间差异显著（P<0.05）,与直径呈相同的增减趋势。含粉率以小猪料最大,且只有小猪料与大猪料之间差异显著（P<0.05）。颗粒PDI以大猪料最大,小猪料最小,各阶段猪料的含粉率和PDI均符合有关要求。建议饲料厂家注重颗粒饲料物理性能指标的控制,调整饲料配方和工艺参数,不断改进颗粒饲料的质量。     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

不同行距配比对玉米光合生理指标及茎秆特性的影响

以‘大丰30’为试验材料,在同一密度下（75000株/hm²）设置5种不同行距配比,研究不同行距配比对玉米光合生理指标及茎秆力学特性的影响。结果表明：行距配比为40 cm×80 cm时,棒三叶的叶绿素含量(SPAD)在灌浆期达到峰值;行距配比为30 cm×90 cm时,棒三叶净光合速率在灌浆期最高。大口期开始,行距配比为40 cm×80 cm时,叶面积指数(LAI)最高。单株干物质积累量以40 cm×80 cm最高。各行距配比的茎秆硬皮穿刺强度与茎秆弯曲性能随着节位的下降均呈逐渐增强的趋势,从大到小为 40 cm×80 cm>50 cm×70 cm>30 cm×90 cm>60 cm×60 cm>20 cm×100 cm。穗长、穗粗、千粒重和穗粒数各处理间均有不同变化,行距配比为40 cm×80 cm时产量最高,比等行距60 cm×60 cm增产7.96%。由此可见,行距配比为40 cm×80 cm,有利于大穗型品种‘大丰30’的光合性能和茎秆强度的提高,从而达到抗倒伏增产的目的。     

Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Textural Fractions and Fractal Parameters Derived from Particle Size Distributions

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental physical property affecting other soil properties. Characterizing spatial variability of soil texture is very important in environmental research. The objectives of this work were: 1) to partition PSD of 75 soil samples, collected from a flat field in the University of Guilan, Iran, into two scaling domains using a piecewise fractal model to evaluate the relationships between fractal dimensions of scaling domains and soil clay, silt, and sand fractions and 2) to assess the potential of fractal parameters as an index used in a geostatistical approach reflecting the spatial variability of soil texture. Features of PSD of soil samples were studied using fractal geometry, and geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial variability of fractal and soil textural parameters. There were two scaling domains for the PSD of soil samples. The fractal dimensions of these two scaling domains (D₁ and D₂) were then used to characterize different ranges of soil particle sizes and their relationships to the soil textural parameters. There was a positive correlation between D₁ and clay content (R² = 0.924), a negative correlation between D₁ and silt content (R² = 0.801), and a negative correlation between D₂ and sand content (R² = 0.913). The geometric mean diameter of soil particles had a negative correlation with D₁ (R² = 0.569) and D₂ (R² = 0.682). Semivariograms of fractal dimensions and soil textural parameters were calculated and the maps of spatial variation of D₁ and D₂ and soil PSD parameters were provided using ordinary kriging. The results showed that there were also spatial correlations between D₁ and D₂ and particle size fractions. According to the semivariogram models and validation parameters, the fractal parameters had powerful spatial structure and could better describe the spatial variability of soil texture.     

河北省主要树种单木和林分生长率模型研建

利用第六次至第九次全国森林资源清查河北省2001,2006,2011,2016年4个年度的固定样地调查数据,采用非线性回归估计方法,建立了18个树种组的单木胸径生长率和材积生长率模型,以及12个树种组的林分材积生长率模型。结果表明,单木生长率模型的平均预估误差(MPE)基本都在3%以内,而平均百分标准误差(MPSE)、胸径生长率模型大都在10%以内,材积生长率模型大都在20%左右;林分生长率模型的平均预估误差(MPE)基本都在5%以内,平均百分标准误差(MPSE)大都在25%以内。所建模型可为河北省开展森林资源年度更新提供技术支撑。     

钾肥和硅肥对油用亚麻茎秆抗倒伏特性的影响

为了优化油用亚麻抗倒伏的肥料运筹措施,以‘陇亚11号’和‘定亚23号’为试验材料,通过裂区设计,研究了钾肥（不施钾、52.5 kg K₂O/hm²和105 kg K₂O /hm² 3个水平）和硅肥（不施硅和90 kg SiO₂/hm² 2个水平）用量对油用亚麻茎秆形态学、力学抗倒伏特性及产量的影响。结果表明：‘陇亚11号’的株高、重心高度及茎粗、壁厚、抗折力均显著大于‘定亚23号’,茎秆形态学及力学抗倒伏特性的综合影响下,‘陇亚11号’较‘定亚23号’倒伏率提高21.24%而产量降低9.43%。钾肥显著改善了抗倒的茎秆表观形态学特性,施钾后茎粗、壁厚、茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数提高而株高和重心高度降低,千粒重和籽粒产量分别提高7.35%和9.34%。硅肥对茎秆形态学、力学特性及籽粒产量均无主效应,但硅肥与钾肥的互作使茎粗显著增加。抗倒伏指数与茎粗、壁厚呈显著正相关,与株高、重心高度呈显著负相关。品种间的茎秆抗倒伏特性差异较大,施用钾肥显著改善了抗倒的茎秆表观形态学特性,优化了茎秆机械性能,增强了油用亚麻的抗倒伏能力;供钾量较低时,硅肥与钾肥对茎粗的互作正效应明显。     

欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’NAC基因DRL1负向调节植物抗旱性

以欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’（Vitis vinifera‘Yatomo Rose’）为材料，利用荧光定量PCR技术和转基因技术研究葡萄NAC转录因子DRL1基因对逆境的响应。欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’在激素和逆境胁迫下，DRL1表达呈下降趋势，其中以ABA和干旱胁迫处理最为显著。在ABA处理下DRL1转基因烟草株系种子萌发率和根长均高于野生型。干旱处理下，转基因植株对干旱的耐受性降低，同时胁迫相关基因NtLEA5、NtP5CR1、NtPSCS1、NtERD10C和NtDREB3的表达水平比野生型显著下降。此外，DRL1转基因烟草茎中柱发育受到抑制，尤其是导管横切面积仅为野生型的58%。以上结果表明，DRL1基因可能作为1个负向调节子参与植物的干旱胁迫。     

茎用芥菜新品种1年2代繁育研究初报

为了探索福建省茎用芥菜1年2代繁育技术，选择6个茎用芥菜品种，分别进行冬春季正常繁育和夏秋季高山加代繁育的2代繁育试验，并对比各品种2代繁育的生育期、株高、株幅和种子产量。结果表明：所有参试茎用芥菜品种只要通过打破种子休眠、衔接好2代繁育的播种期都能完成1周年2代繁育，夏秋季高山加代繁育的全生育期比冬春季正常繁育平均缩短约50 d；冬春季繁育比夏秋季高山加代繁育株高增加31.2%～132.9%，株幅增加1.5%～21.8%，所有参试品种冬春季繁育的种子产量都极显著高于相应夏秋季高山加代繁育，种子产量增加17.8%～153.6%。     

割茎对党参产量和含量的影响

在生长期对潞党参地上部分进行割茎，保留地上部分高度20cm，于秋季10月20日至11月30日采挖，观察各处理对产量和含量的影响。结果表明：9月25日对党参地上部分割除，地上部分距离地面保留20cm，10月20日-11月20日采挖，党参产量、根长、根粗、根重较对照都有所提高，其中10月20日产量较对照增加率最高，产量提高5.71%；10月20日根长增加最多为19.68%，10月30日根径增加25.67%，根重增加14.00%，浸出物提升2.80%。