中小型饲料企业的供应链管理与物流配送

中小型饲料企业是饲料产品经济发展中的重要组成部分，也是我国农牧行业经济发展的重要组成部分。随着计算机物联网技术的不断发展，当前线上销售模式应成为中小型饲料企业创新经济增长点的重点发展领域，而要想更好的发展线上运营模式必须考虑当前中小型饲料企业自身供应链管理物流配送的发展状况。本文研究分析当前中小型饲料企业供应链管理及物流配送的发展现状，通过对供应链管理的核心影响因素及中小型饲料企业所处内外部环境的深入研究，分析当前中小型饲料企业供应链管理发展问题背后的原因，并在此基础上提出针对中小型饲料企业供应链管理与物流配送的合理性建议与优化措施。 [关键词]中小型饲料企业|供应链管理|优化措施     

大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓的设计

本研究针对大农户玉米穗储藏的实际情况，研制了大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓，并对其进行了装粮试验。结果表明：该型储粮仓机械性能稳定，结构组装方便，降水、防霉、防鼠效果显著，可有效降低粮食产后损失，保证粮食品质。 [关键词] 粮仓|玉米穗|机械通风     

油料作物油脂合成调控研究进展

植物油脂不仅是人类可食用油的主要来源,也是人类生产生活中重要的可再生原料。本文概述了植物油脂的生物合成途径,从母体效应、QTL、GWAS等多个方面总结了油料作物油脂合成的遗传学研究进展,同时探讨了已知的油脂合成调控相关基因的功能。本文综述了该领域的研究现状,为深入了解油料作物油脂合成调控网络提供了参考,也为油料作物的分子改良和遗传育种提供了理论基础。     

基于原型网络的小样本禽蛋图像特征检测方法

机器视觉因具有检测速度快、稳定性高及成本低等优点，已发展成为禽蛋无损检测领域主流检测手段。使用该技术对禽蛋进行无损检测时，需要依赖大量禽蛋图像作为数据支撑才能取得较好的检测效果。由于养殖安全等限制，禽蛋图像数据的采集成本较高，针对该问题，提出了一种适应于小样本禽蛋图像检测的原型网络（Prototypical network）。该网络利用引入注意力机制的逆残差结构搭建的卷积神经网络将不同类别的禽蛋图像映射至嵌入空间，并利用欧氏距离度量测试禽蛋图像在嵌入空间的类别，从而完成禽蛋图像的分类。本文利用该网络分别验证了小样本条件下受精蛋与无精蛋、双黄蛋与单黄蛋及裂纹蛋与正常蛋的分类检测效果，其检测精度分别为95%、98%、88%。试验结果表明本文方法能够有效地解决禽蛋图像检测中样本不足的问题，为禽蛋图像无损检测研究提供了新的思路。     

不同施氮水平下灌浆期高温对水稻贮藏蛋白积累及其合成代谢影响

【目的】 揭示不同施氮水平下灌浆结实期高温对稻米贮藏蛋白积累及其组分的影响,明确不同温氮处理组合下稻米贮藏蛋白合成积累过程与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【方法】 以2个主栽常规晚粳品种（秀水134和秀水09）为材料,利用盆栽土培试验,在水稻穗分化期设低氮（每盆0.5 g尿素）和高氮（每盆2.0 g尿素）2个氮水平,继而通过在水稻灌浆结实期的人工气候箱控温试验,设置高温（日均温度30℃,日最高温和最低温分别为34℃和26℃）和常温（日均温度23℃,日最高温和最低温分别为26℃和20℃）,构成低氮-常温（LN-NT）、低氮-高温（LN-HT）、高氮-常温（HN-NT）、高氮-高温（HN-HT）4个处理组合,并结合水稻籽粒灌浆不同时期取样,探讨氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白积累和主要蛋白组分含量影响及其与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【结果】 氮素穗肥和灌浆期高温均会导致稻米粗蛋白相对含量上升,但在高温处理下单位籽粒中粗蛋白的绝对量却呈降低趋势,以13 kD醇溶蛋白亚基组分在高温处理下的下降幅度最大,从而引起籽粒谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白质比值的上升,其原因主要是由于编码水稻13 kD醇溶蛋白合成基因（Pro13, Pro14和Pro17）在高温处理下的下调表达所致。与之相比,增施氮素穗肥（HN-NT和HN-HT）在引起稻米粗蛋白相对含量提升的同时,单位籽粒中的粗蛋白总量、谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均显著增加,但对贮藏蛋白谷/醇比的影响不明显,且谷蛋白组分中的37 kD酸性亚基和22 kD碱性亚基在不同氮处理水平下的相对比例也基本保持稳定;氮素穗肥可增强灌浆籽粒中的谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性,但HN-HT处理下的籽粒GS、GOT和GPT活性显著低于HN-NT处理,高温胁迫对水稻灌浆中后期籽粒器官中的氮转运代谢具有抑制作用。此外,在不同氮素水平下,灌浆期高温均可引起稻米整精米率的明显下降和垩白度的显著上升,但HN-HT处理的千粒重、结实率、产量水平、整精米率却高于LN-HT处理,且前者的稻米垩白度显著低于后者,氮素穗肥不足加剧了高温胁迫对千粒重、结实率、整精米率和垩白度等产量和品质性状的负面影响。 【结论】 氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白合成积累起重要调节作用,增施氮素穗肥虽然对水稻籽粒灌浆过程中的谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白质合成具有促进作用,并导致稻米贮藏蛋白相对量与绝对量增加,但对于高温灌浆下13kD醇溶蛋白亚基合成及其组分含量下降具有一定程度的缓解效应,有利于维持贮藏蛋白谷/醇比相对稳定。     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.     

灌浆温度和氮肥及其互作效应对稻米贮藏蛋白组分的影响

灌浆结实期温度与氮肥施用量是影响稻米品质的两个重要生态因子,尤其是与稻米蛋白含量及米饭食味关系密切。本文以多个水稻主栽品种为材料,通迆灌浆结实期的人工控温试验、大田长期定位点的施氮处理试验和盆栽条件下的温氮两因素复合处理试验,探讨了水稻灌浆结实期温度对稻米贮藏蛋白含量与组分影响及其有别于氮肥处理效应的差异觃律,幵分析了温度与氮肥两个因素对稻米贮藏蛋白及其组分影响的交互作用特点。结果表明,高温胁迫和增施氮肥均引起水稻籽粒总蛋白及其谷蛋白组分含量(%)的显著增加,但两者对稻米醇溶蛋白影响却存在明显差别。其中,高温处理引起醇溶蛋白含量显著下降,提高稻米谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,而增施氮肥引起稻米谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量明显增加,但对谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值与贮藏蛋白各亚基的组成比例影响相对较小。在高温处理下,谷蛋白的57kD前体亚基组分含量有所提高,而37kD酸性亚基和22kD碱性亚基随温度处理的差异变化却因品种而异,且高温处理对水稻籽粒蛋白绝对含量(mg grain~(–1))的影响程度也进没有其对蛋白相对含量(%)的影响明显。高氮×高温处理组合对稻米总蛋白与谷蛋白含量的影响程度显著大于单一高温或高氮处理,但在高氮水平下由高温引起稻米醇溶蛋白含量的下降幅度却小于其低氮对照,有利于稻米醇溶蛋白含量在不同温度处理下的相对稳定。     

饲草作物对土壤健康与农业可持续发展的作用

饲草作物是指为增加土壤肥力,防止土壤侵蚀,累积和保护土层,增加土壤养分和含水率以及提高土壤质量而种植的植物。饲草作物为农田土壤提供了诸多益处,其还有助于增加和维持土壤中的微生物多样性。本文对多种饲草作物对土壤特性的作用,如土壤含水量、土壤微生物的活动、土壤碳固存、土壤硝态氮淋失、土壤水分和土壤健康等进行综述。饲草作物的选择通常取决于其自身对土壤的作用,其他考虑因素还包括天气条件,播种时间,是否为豆科植物以及杀灭饲草作物的时间和方法。研究表明,饲草作物也可用于减缓气候变化,抑制作物中的杂草,增加可交换的营养物质如Mg2+和K+,具有一定的经济性。另外,覆盖作物也会存在一些问题,包括杀灭覆盖作物的方法,其可能成为病原体的寄主,饲草作物的再生性以及短期收益不明显。尽管有一些局限,饲草作物仍被认为可以明显改善土壤整体健康状况,为主栽作物提供可持续的生态环境。     

High-throughput screening reveals small molecule modulators inhibitory to Acidovorax citrulli

Acidovorax citrulli is a seed-transmitted gram-negative bacterium that can cause substantial economic yield loss in watermelon and melon production worldwide. Four small-molecule libraries containing 4,952 compounds were selected for high-throughput screening against A. citrulli wild-type strain Xu3-14 by evaluation of growth inhibition. One hundred and twenty-seven molecules (2.5% hit rate) were identified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic against A. citrulli at 100 μM. Secondary screens indicated that 27 candidate compounds were more effective against A. citrulli Group II strains than Group I strains (classified using repetitive element PCR). Several compounds were inhibitory to other pathogenic bacteria, including Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, but did not affect the growth of plant beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. More than half of the compounds did not inhibit germination of Arabidopsis or watermelon seeds. The effect of small molecules on A. citrulli seed-to-seedling transmission was evaluated by applying each compound to inoculated watermelon seeds and assessing seedling infection. Nine compounds were chosen for further investigation based on their reduction of percentage seedling infection and compiling scores on their specificity, sensitivity, and phytotoxicity obtained in the secondary screens. The five best compounds were selected (thiamphenicol, nadifloxacin, pipemidic acid, ciclopirox, and zinc pyrithione) for greenhouse tests and were found to effectively reduce the seed-to-seedling transmission of A. citrulli in both artificially and naturally infested seeds. These top five compounds provide a basis for future development of an A. citrulli-specific bactericide.