一种改进的CRLP最大许用操作压力设计方法

与传统管线钢管相比,复合材料增强管线钢管(CompositeReinforcedLinePipe,CRLP)具有承压能力高和质量轻等优势,但对其压力设计的研究尚不充分。CSAZ662-2015《油气管道系统》和GB/T35185—2017《石油天然气工业用复合材料增强管线钢管》中最大许用操作压力的设计思路不同,且设计结果差别较大。针对此问题,基于组合薄壁圆筒模型对承压CRLP进行分析,对最大许用操作压力下材料的名义许用应力和真实许用应力进行了区分,进而导出真实许用应力的显式表达形式,并以此作为设计安全裕度的评价指标。分析表明:现有规范和标准中的设计公式均无法保证管线钢和复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,对应两种设计方法,各组分材料的真实许用应力均随CRLP规格差异而发生变化,并且随着试压/预应力处理的历程而改变。基于上述分析和CRLP极限状态下的承载特征,提出一种改进的压力设计方法。新方法优先保证复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,并可由设计系数直接确定;在最大许用操作压力的计算中,考虑了加载历程的影响,物理意义明确。算例表明,其设计安全裕度较现有方法更为合理,对于CRLP压力设计的改进有参考价值。     

农田边界植物多样性与生态服务功能研究进展

农业集约化和城市化导致农业景观重要生境发生巨大变化,农田野生动植物数量下降。农田边界作为农业景观中重要的组成部分,其丰富的物种组成,不仅具有重要的生态功能,也具有重要的景观价值。本研究对农业生态系统农田边界植物多样性进行阐述,论述了影响农田边界植物多样性的影响因素和生态服务功能。综述研究显示,农田边界具有类型多样性、物种多样性、植物功能类型多样性及时空结构多样性特征;其影响因素主要包括农田边界结构、农田边界管理、周边土地利用影响以及景观结构特征的影响4个方面;农田边界生态功能包括生产、环境保护、野生动植物保护和景观美学功能等;最后总结了不同类型农田边界生态植被营建模式与优化途径,对中国农田边界植被管护提出了一些建议。     

桑条高产栽培及其制浆造纸研究

为探究桑条高产栽培方式,以湖桑32号为材料研究了肥料用量、栽植密度、基桩年龄及留条数对桑条生物量的影响,结果表明施有机肥30 000 kg/hm~2、栽植密度30 000株/hm~2的栽培方式下,桑条生物量相对最高。同时为了分析桑条在造纸工业的利用价值,以桑树、毛白杨、沙兰杨、大官杨、泡桐5种树种进行制浆造纸物理强度试验,发现桑条多数物理强度指标表现优异,通过改良化机浆制浆,桑条机浆的理化性质符合国家标准,桑条漂白浆性能优良,该结果可为桑条高产栽培及造纸资源的开发利用奠定基础。     

中国对“一带一路”沿线国家农产品出口增长二元边际及其影响因素分析

为研究中国农产品在"一带一路"沿线国家出口增长特征,探究贸易成本对农产品出口增长二元边际的影响,本研究以"一带一路"沿线64个国家为样本,选取1997—2016年中国对"一带一路"沿线64个国家农产品HS-6位编码数据,运用H-K测度方法和核密度估计的估计方法进行研究,探索中国对"一带一路"沿线64个国家农产品出口增长的源泉,进一步深入分析各项贸易成本对于农产品出口增长二元边际的作用。结果表明,中国对"一带一路"沿线国家农产品出口增长扩展边际和集约边际波动较大,扩展边际对农产品出口增长起主要推动作用;经济规模、地理面积、人口密度对农产品出口增长扩展边际和出口增长集约边际均有显著正影响;关税水平、贸易距离、各国进口所需文件数、贸易国建立仓库所需时间、汇率成本和外部冲击对农产品出口增长扩展边际具有显著负影响,关税水平、各国进口所需文件数、贸易国建立仓库所需时间、汇率成本和外部冲击对农产品出口增长集约边际具有显著负影响。     

Public perceptions of ecosystem services and preferences for design scenarios of the flooded bank along the Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for sustainable management of novel ecosystems

The newly formed extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir hold great potentials to provide ecosystem services (ESs) for surrounding cities and communities. Conflicting values and conventional management strategies may complicate and inhibit broad-scale decision-making for this novel ecosystem. Public attitudes are a crucial influence in the way this process plays out. This study was conducted to assess how the reservoir bank is perceived by the general public of Chongqing Municipality in terms of importance of riparian ESs, and preference for corresponding landscape design styles through photo-questionnaire interviewing. Although Chongqing citizens know little of the “ecosystem services” concept, they do recognise riparian environmental and ecological benefits especially the bank protection and pollution interception functions, while benefits of habitats for wildlife and flood attenuation were of less concern. Recreational values were least appreciated, which is inconsistent with other studies. This may be attributed to a wider, intensive environmental education in various social media in today’s China. But publicity has been dominated by toxic air, water and soil pollution control rather than the benefits of nature conservation and personal contact with nature. In line with recognition of ESs, there is quite strong preference for the forested design scenario and particularly vegetation components across the socio-demographic spectrum. Overall, socio-demographic variables have very low explanatory power for the perceptual responses. Our study also revealed misunderstandings around riparian functions and a gap between public expectations and special abiotic and biotic prerequisites in restoring novel ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this research to urban novel ecosystems in general, and implications for raising public awareness, engaging appropriate public values in sustainable design and management of such ecosystems.     

The household economics of rubber intercropping during the immature period in Northeast Thailand

In order to alleviate poverty in Northeast Thailand, the Thai government has promoted rubber farming, which has expanded at the expense of annual crops. Because of a long immature period, planting rubber represents a loss of income for poor farmers in the very first years. This paper analyzed how rubber intercropping during the immature period helps farmers to compensate for this loss of income. Economic performances of the most widespread rubber farming systems were analyzed using information collected from a questionnaire addressed to 35 farmers in Buriram province. A sub-sample of 22 farmers was further interviewed to estimate the contribution of rubber intercropping in the formation of the total annual income during the immature period. The results showed that interest in rubber intercropping has grown, with cassava and rice as the main associated crops. With additional costs of about 14,169 ?/ha/year over monospecific rubber plantations, rubber-cassava intercropping systems generated a gross margin estimated at 11,340 ?/ha/year for a 3-year period. Compared to a monospecific rubber plantation, rubber-cassava intercropping systems reduced management costs by 59% over the 6-year period of rubber immaturity. The cash-income drawn from intercropping ranged from 0 to 26.8% of the household’s total annual income, which can be of considerable importance for low-income farmers.     

基于VFSMOD模型的黄土坡面生草带产流产沙动态模拟

利用微型径流小区和人工降雨试验,探讨运用VFSMOD模型评估和预测引入不同草种生草带后黄土坡面产流产沙动态特征的可行性。通过土壤物理性质参数和生草带生长状态参数的差异,模型还原了黄土坡面引入白三叶生草带与百脉根生草带后产流产沙特征的差异及其随生长时期的变化,模拟效果可靠,纳什系数:0.93(径流系数),0.98(修正后产沙量);归一化均方根误差:6.2%(径流系数),10.9%(修正后产沙量)。当生草带在降雨集中期(如本研究中百脉根草带9月上旬)不能保证较好的生长状态和地表覆盖时,其坡面产沙量急剧增大,且明显大于VFSMOD模型模拟值。在实际生草带设计时,应避免该情况发生。综上,VFSMOD模型适用于引入生草带后黄土坡面产流、产沙量的模拟和预测。     

草本缓冲带优化配置对氮磷的去除效果

利用自行设计的小型试验装置模拟缓冲带,选择东北地区草木犀、白三叶、马唐、夏枯草4种常见植物,通过人工配水模拟农田径流水,采用草种不同栽种方式及草皮与其他生物处理方式相结合的方法,开展缓冲带对污染物的净化效果试验研究。结果表明,在渗流中,草种不同栽种方式和草皮与其他生物处理方式结合的缓冲带,3种混栽方式的NH4+—N、全P的去除效果最高分别为59.80%、56.81%。在径流中,草种不同栽种方式中3种混栽方式的NH4+—N、全P的去除效果最高分别为23.30%、22.30%;草皮与其他生物处理方式结合缓冲带,3种混栽+小沟对全P去除效果最高达27.4%,3种混栽+人工浮床对NH4+—N去除效果最高,达30.1%。在本试验条件下,3种混栽方式对渗流的净化效果较好,而草皮与其他生物处理方式结合的缓冲带对径流有较好的净化效果。     

复烤片烟最佳醇化状态下化学成分与感官质量的相关性分析

[目的]分析烤烟复烤片烟在最佳醇化状态下化学成分与感官质量的关系。[方法]选取全国9个烟叶产区达到最佳醇化状态的60份复烤片烟作为试验材料,对化学成分、感官质量及烟气成分进行简单相关性分析。[结果]总糖、还原糖、烟碱、总氮、施木克值、糖碱比等与感官质量相关性显著,K、Cl等与各感官质量指标相关性不显著,浓度与各化学成分相关性不显著,烟气中CO与K、Cl相关性显著,烟气烟碱与各化学成分相关性显著。[结论]该研究可为卷烟加工企业更加合理的储存和使用烟叶提供依据。