Longitudinal identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy calves on a farm in Southern Xinjiang,China

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species responsible for human and animals microsporidiasis. A total of 250 samples were collected weekly from 25 newborn dairy calves of a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China at one to ten weeks of age. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by nested PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.The cumulative prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 100% (25/25), and the average infection was 52.0% (130/250). The highest infection rate was recorded at six weeks of age (92.0%, 23/25), and no infection was observed at one and two weeks of age. Sequencing analysis showed nine E. bieneusi genotypes (J, EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5) were identified. The highest genetic polymorphism was observed at ten weeks of age. Genotype J was the predominant E. bieneusi genotype. Phylogenetic analysis clustered genotype J into Group 2 and other eight genotypes (EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5), detected in 22 (16.9%, 22/130) samples, into Group 1. Among the genotypes, EbpC, KIN-1, and J have been identified in humans. The highest E. bieneusi infection rate (57.9%, 124/214) was observed in fecal samples with formed feces with no diarrhea (p < 0.01), and high genetic polymorphism was observed in class I fecal samples. The presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes in dairy calves suggests the possibility of transmitting zoonotic infections to humans. It provides the basic data on dynamic change of E. bieneusi in calves.     

G and P genotype profiles of rotavirus A field strains circulating in beef and dairy cattle herds in Brazil, 2006–2015

The aim of this retrospective study was to use RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing analysis to determine the G (VP7 gene) and P (VP4 gene) genotypes of 155 Brazilian bovine rotavirus A (RVA) wild-type strains detected in diarrheic calves from all Brazilian geographical regions from 2006 to 2015. The RVA strains evaluated belonged to the G6, G10, P[5], and P[11] genotypes. The G6P[5] genotype was prevalent (65.5%; P < 0.05) in beef, and the G10P[11] (38.4%) and G6P[11] (30.8%) genotypes were more prevalent in dairy cattle herds. The Midwest was the region with the highest number of genotyped RVA strains, where the genotypes G6, P[5], and P[11] were identified. Genotype combination G6-IV/P[5]-IX, prevalent in beef herds, and G6-III/P[11]-III or G10-IV/P[11]-III, prevalent in dairy herds, were detected. In addition, for the first time in Brazil, we detected the P[5] and P[11] genotype RVA strains that belong to lineage II and VII, respectively.     

不同基因型玉米氮素吸收利用效率研究进展

玉米氮效率的评价方法与指标不尽一致,导致对玉米基因型不同的分类结果。玉米氮效率研究主要集中于根系对氮素的吸收、叶片对氮素的还原同化、氮素在植株体内的积累和分配以及地上部生长势与氮效率的关系方面。以子粒为主要收获对象的玉米,穗、子粒发育状况对玉米产量起着关键作用,有关穗、子粒发育对玉米氮效率贡献率的大小、不同氮效率基因型玉米穗、子粒发育的差异以及内在生理生化机制研究较少。对不同氮效率基因型玉米子粒发育与氮效率之间关系、子粒发育尤其是顶部子粒的早期发育(决定穗粒数的形成)对氮素的反应、氮高效品种顶部子粒的早期发育是否优于氮低效型、氮素对不同氮效率基因型玉米子粒发育的影响机制等问题有待进一步研究。     

耐低氮烟草基因型的筛选及氮效率分析

筛选耐低氮及氮高效的烟草基因型是提高氮素利用效率，减少氮污染的一种有效途径。本文采用营养液培养方法，于苗期以低氮(0.5 mmol L–1)和正常氮(5.0 mmol L–1)处理74个不同基因型烟草，通过指标统计、因子分析、聚类分析来确定评价指标及筛选出耐低氮基因型，并结合氮效率综合值分析表明，在低氮和正常氮条件下，不同基因型烟草的根系体积、根系生物量、茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量变异系数均较大，分别为0.37~0.68和0.38~0.64。低氮和正常氮的主成分基本相似，在不同供氮条件下茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量均起主要作用。筛选出15个耐低氮基因型，占供试材料的20.3%，其中8个属于低氮高效正常氮低效型，占耐低氮基因型的53.3%，6个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型，占40.0%，1个属于低氮高效正常氮高效型，占0.7%；筛选出8个低氮敏感基因型，其中6个属于低氮低效正常氮高效型，占75.0%，2个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型，占25.0%。初步确定14P9为耐低氮、氮高效基因型，中烟100和K394为低氮敏感、氮低效基因型。     

耐低钾山羊草基因型的筛选与鉴定

为研究小麦近缘属种的耐低钾特性,分析不同山羊草(Aegilops)耐低钾胁迫下各生理指标的差异,筛选和鉴定耐低钾基因型。本试验通过砂培法,以9种不同基因型山羊草为供试材料,采用改进的Hoagland营养液,设低钾(0.02mmol·L~(-1) KCl)和正常供钾(2.0mmol·L~(-1) KCl)两个水平进行试验。对相对根冠比、相对根长、相对地上部干重、相对钾积累量和相对钾利用效率5个指标进行相关分析和主成分分析,筛选出3个综合指标进行山羊草耐低钾基因型的鉴定。结果发现,不同基因型山羊草对低钾胁迫存在显著的差异。地上部干重、钾积累量和钾利用效率可以作为苗期耐低钾种质筛选的重要指标。综合评价结果表明:双角山羊草(Ae.bicornis)、偏凸山羊草(Ae.ventricosa)、粗厚山羊草(Ae.crassa)、拟斯卑尔托山羊草(Ae.speltoides)、尾状山羊草(Ae.caudata)、粘果山羊草(Ae.kotschyi)、易变山羊草(Ae.variabilis)、欧山羊草(Ae.biuncialis)、小伞山羊草(Ae.umbellulata)的综合评价值(D值)分别为0.383,0.898,0.327,0.516,0.007,0.682,0.338,0.346,0.655。由此可知,其中偏凸山羊草耐低钾胁迫能力最强,其次是粘果山羊草,尾状山羊草耐低钾胁迫能力最弱。通过本试验,初步建立了山羊草耐低钾种质的评价指标,为进一步研究山羊草的耐低钾分子机制,以及小麦育种上利用耐低钾山羊草种质提供了材料和理论依据。     

黄灯笼辣椒核心种质资源比较构建研究

核心种质的构建为种质资源的研究和有效利用提供了便利条件。以146份黄灯笼辣椒种质资源为试验材料，基于10个性状表型数据，采用混合线性模型分析方法无偏地预测基因型值，利用马氏距离计算种质间的遗传距离，分别采用2种取样方法（随机取样法和优先取样法），2种聚类方法（离差平方和法和类平均法），按照30％的抽样比率构建黄灯笼辣椒核心种质库。采用均值、方差、极差和变异系数4个指标评价不同取样方法和聚类方法构建核心种质库的优劣。试验结果表明，优先取样法优于随机取样法，类平均法优于离差平方和法。基于马氏距离、优先取样法、类平均法获取的43份黄灯笼椒核心资源能够代表原群体的遗传多样性。     

基因型和供体植株生长环境对大白菜游离小孢子胚胎发生的影响

１７个用于大白菜常规育种的基因型在ＮＬＮ－１３液体培养基中进行游离小孢子培养，结果有１６个基因型经由小孢子胚胎发生途径获得小孢子胚。这些基因型包括从早熟晚熟的各种类型。各基因之间在小孢子胚胎发生频率方面存在很大差异，产量最高的两个基因型Ｔ１１和ＣＣ１１，平均每百花蕾分别达３５９２８和３４１３２个胚。供体植株生长环境对小孢子胚胎发生具有明显影响；在１０／２０℃（液／昼）的部分控温温室生长的供体植株，     

Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate

The influence of crop density on the remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen from vegetative plant parts to the developing grain, was investigated in the durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties Creso, Simeto and Svevo cultivated in the field at three seeding rates, 200, 250 and 400 seeds m⁻². Variety × seeding rate interaction was unsignificant for all recorded characters. Grain yield declined in the order Svevo > Simeto > Creso. Yield differences mainly depended on the different number of kernels per unit land and, secondly, on mean kernel weight. Spike components differed among varieties: Svevo and Simeto showed more kernels per spikelet and Creso more spikelets per spike. Grain yield was highest with 400 seeds m⁻² primarily due to the higher number of spikes per unit area, and secondly, to the higher mean kernel weight. Post-heading dry matter accumulation was highest in Svevo and lowest in Creso, but varieties showed a reverse order for dry matter remobilization and contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield. The increase of seeding rate increased both the post-heading dry matter accumulation and the dry matter remobilization from vegetative plant parts to grain. Nitrogen uptake of the whole crop and N content of grain was higher in Simeto and Svevo than in Creso. The N concentration of grain did not vary among varieties, but Svevo showed a markedly lower N concentration and N content of culms at maturity, which may be consequence of the high N remobilization efficiency performed by this variety. The N uptake by the crop was highest with 400 seeds m⁻², but the N concentration of culms, leaves and even grain was slightly lower than with the lower seed rates. The post-heading N accumulation was by far higher in Simeto and Svevo than in Creso, whereas remobilization was highest in Svevo and lowest in Simeto. The percentage contribution of N remobilization to grain N was by far higher in Creso than in the other two varieties. Post-heading N accumulation and N remobilization were highest with the highest plant density, but the contribution of N remobilization to N grain content did not differ between seeding rates.     

低磷胁迫对磷不同利用效率玉米叶绿素荧光参数的影响

盆栽试验在高磷（+P）和低磷(－P)条件下，于四叶期测定了磷高效利用型玉米KH5和磷低效利用型玉米齐201的老叶（第2叶）和新展开叶的（第4叶）叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数。结果表明，低磷处理使玉米叶片PSⅡ关闭程度增加、光能转换和电子传递效率降低,过剩激发能增加。基因型间比较,磷高效利用型玉米的光能转换和电子传递效率