The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m⁻³, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m⁻³), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m² of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO₂-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m⁻³) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.     

播期和密度对马铃薯原种扩繁生长发育及产量的影响

在马铃薯原种生产中,播种密度和播种期对原种繁育的产量、种薯大小等有着明显的影响。选用当地主栽品种大西洋,于2017-2018年在山丹县冷凉区域,同一地点开展不同播期和密度试验。播种选择4月25日、5月5日、5月15日、5月25日和6月5日,种植密度设置60 000、90 000、120 000、150 000和180 000粒/hm ² 5个水平。结果表明,在当地的栽培模式大垄双行覆膜种植下,4月25日-5月15日播种,播种密度为120 000、150 000粒/hm ²,产量在45 285~46 770kg/hm ²,中种薯率在75.3%~79.6%,合格种薯多,均为最高,且此范围产量差异不显著。考虑到节约原原种投入降低成本,生产中优选120 000粒/hm ²的播种密度,在4月25日-5月15日种植,是大西洋原种繁育的最佳选择方案。     

密度对夏玉米干物质积累的影响及其归一化模拟模型的建立

在小区试验条件下,以新玉9号和中糯301为材料,设6个种植密度(13.5万、11.25万、9万、6.75万、4.5万和2.25万株/hm2),测定其干物质积累动态和产量,分析密度对夏玉米群体干物质积累的影响,并建立积温变量的干物质积累动态模型。结果表明,南疆夏玉米前期干物质积累速度快、积累量较高而后期积累速度慢、积累量较少。种植密度越大,干物质积累的最大增长速率越大,但其高值维持的时间越短,不利于子粒灌浆。中糯301较新玉9号对种植密度反应敏感,分别在9万株/hm~2和11.25万株/hm~2时产量最高。建立了基于归一化的苗后积温为变量的相对DMA预测的Richards方程:y=1.052 1/(1+e~(1.075 7-6.222 5x))~(1/0.089 0),R~2=0.991 4,模拟准确度为0.967 6~1.022 7,精确度在0.965 0**~0.993 8**,具有较好的模拟效果。     

密度与肥料运筹对迟播小麦产量和茎秆抗倒能力的影响

为给迟播小麦抗逆高产栽培提供参考，以扬麦23为材料，通过三因素裂区试验，设置2个密度水平（210×10⁴和270×10⁴株·hm^-2）、3个施氮水平(180、225和270 kg·hm^-2)和2个氮肥运筹比例（基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥分别为4∶2∶1∶3和6∶0∶2∶2），研究了密度、氮肥用量及运筹比例对小麦产量、茎秆形态特性、化学成分以及抗倒能力的影响。结果表明，高密度（270×10⁴株·hm^-2）处理的平均产量高于低密度（210×10⁴株·hm^-2）处理，平均增产2.7%；低密度条件下，随施氮量的增加，产量上升，而高密度条件下则先增后降。增加播种密度会增加茎秆基部节间长度和株高，降低茎秆基部节间单位长度干重以及木质素含量，从而影响小麦的抗倒性能。减少氮肥施用量、基肥施用量和控制拔节期施肥比例均能够有效降低株高及茎秆基部节间长度，增加茎秆基部节间充实度，增强木质素合成关键酶活性，提高基部第二节间木质素的含量，从而提升小麦抗倒能力。因此迟播小麦采用270×10⁴株·hm^-2密度、225 kg·hm^-2施氮量、4∶2∶1∶3氮运筹比例有利于控制倒伏，同时获得较高的产量。     

高秆大穗型鲜食甜玉米栽培密度和优化施肥研究

[目的]探讨适宜海南土壤类型和品种特性的鲜食甜玉米高产高效栽培技术。[方法]以高秆大穗型鲜食甜玉米新品种泰鲜甜1号为试验材料,进行不同密度、不同施肥效应的栽培试验。[结果]泰鲜甜1号在海南最适宜的种植密度在3.75万~4.50万株/hm~2;氮、磷、钾肥的贡献顺序为氮最大,其次是磷,最后是钾;氮、磷、钾施肥量均与产量呈一元二次抛物线方程,且方程均显著;当N、P_2O_5、K_2O为336、160、213 kg/hm~2,施肥比例为N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O=1.00∶0.50∶0.65时,可获得最佳经济产量,此时氮、磷、钾肥的肥料利用率、肥料效益较高。[结论]该研究结果适用于高秆大穗型鲜食甜玉米品种在海南中等肥力土壤上的种植。     

河套地区种植方式与密度对'张杂谷19号'产量的影响

为明确河套地区不同栽培模式对'张杂谷19号'产量的影响,以新抗旱谷子杂交种'张杂谷19号'为试验材料,研究3种种植方式（干旱无膜、干旱覆膜及灌溉无膜）和5种密度（4.5万、9万、13.5万、22.5万、45万株/hm²）对'张杂谷19号'稳产和丰产性的影响。结果表明,正常灌溉条件下,'张杂谷9号'的产量随着种植密度的增加而增加。当密度为45万株/hm²时产量最高,达到8724.36 kg/hm²。而干旱条件下,适宜种植密度可以同样获得较高产量,与正常灌溉条件下最高产量差异不显著。当种植密度为9万~ 45万株/hm²时,产量普遍提高到7700 kg/hm²以上,最高可达8654.33 kg/hm²。河套地区'张杂谷19号'播前灌溉1次足水、地膜覆盖及种植密度9万~45万株/hm²,可以实现水分高效利用和产量达到较高水平。     

城市效应对区域雷电活动影响分析与灾害防御

为了研究城市化建设对区域雷电的影响，揭示自然环境的改变对雷电活动规律产生的变化，为不同区域雷电防护重点提供理论依据。本研究利用湖北省5个城市样本2007—2016年闪电定位资料，分析了所选样本城市城区和非城区云地闪密度以及日频、月频、季节变化、雷电流强度。结果表明：城区云地闪密度小于非城区云地闪密度，城市效应减小了城区雷电发概率；云地闪日频次分布城区波动幅度比非城区大，分时城区雷电流平均跨度值明显大于非城区，城区受到局地气候的影响较大；全年各月正闪频次占比城区均大于非城区，雷电高发的月份城区云地闪强度均大于非城区。整体来看，城市效应使城区的云地闪密度降低，强度增加，且呈现出雷电流幅值跨度大等不稳定性，相对于非城区更容易出现极端雷暴事件。     

种植密度与行距对秋闲田饲用甜高粱草产量的影响

为了秋闲田饲用甜高粱丰产丰收，探索其高产栽培技术。采用列区试验设计与软件IBM.SPSS.Statistics.v22 的LSD法，对秋闲田饲用甜高粱的种植密度与播种行距进行了单株生产力及其草产量的比较试验。结果表明：种植密度与行距对秋闲田饲用甜高粱单株生产力、草产量均具有重要影响。明确了秋闲田饲用甜高粱高产配套栽培技术的优化组合：单株生产力最大的优化组合为A1B4，即种植密度为7.50 万株/hm2 与播种行距为40 cm 的配置；获得最高产量的优化组合为A2B4，即种植密度为22.50 万株/hm2与播种行距为40 cm的配置。研究结果为秋闲田种植饲用甜高粱的生产实践提了供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Urban land-use impacts on composition and spatiotemporal variations in abundance and biomass of earthworm community

Soil fauna can sensitively respond to alterations in soil environment induced by land-use changes.However,little is known about the impact of urban land-use changes on earthworm communities.In this study,three land-use types(i.e.,forest,nursery and abandoned lands)were chosen to identify differences in diversity,abundance and biomass of earthworm community in Kunming City.Urban land-use had a pronounced difference in species composition,evenness and diversity of earthworm communities.Forest land had the highest density,biomass and diversity of the earthworm communities.Total abundance was dominated by endogeic species in nursery land(70%)and abandoned land(80%),whereas in the forest land,the earthworm community comprised epigeic,endogeic and anecic species.Temporal changes in earthworm density and biomass were also significantly affected by land-use change.Total density and biomass of earthworms in the forest and nursery lands were highest in September,but highest in the abandoned land in October.The influence of soil physicochemical properties on the earthworm density and biomass also varied with land-use types.Soil temperature significantly affected earthworm density and biomass in the three land-use types.Soil pH was positively correlated with earthworm biomass in the forest land,but negatively associated with earthworm density in the abandoned land.Soil organic matter was positively correlated only with density and biomass of earthworms in the nursery and abandoned lands.Our results suggest that the species composition,abundance and biomass of earthworm communities can be determined by the modification of soil properties associated with urban land-use type.     

栽培密度、肥料对优质鲜食型甘薯‘万薯10号’产量及品质的影响

‘万薯10号’是重庆三峡农业科学院育成的优质鲜食型甘薯新品种,为挖掘该品种的增产潜力及完善高产栽培技术,进一步探求不同肥料、不同密度处理条件对优质鲜食型甘薯产量和品质的影响,特选用优质鲜食型甘薯品种‘万薯10号’开展研究。结果表明,密度和肥料对鲜食型甘薯‘万薯10号’栽培都具有重大的影响作用,并且不同的肥料处理对鲜薯产量、淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量的影响差异极显著;而不同密度仅在淀粉含量上存在差异极显著,鲜薯产量差异显著。2个因素交互作用在淀粉含量存在差异极显著。在‘万薯10号’栽培过程中,肥料因素比密度对甘薯产量及品质的影响更为关键。为达到淀粉高产的目的,必须满足肥料与栽培密度处在一个合适的配比中,试验结果表明,鲜食型甘薯‘万薯10号’在使用腐殖肥525 kg/hm~2、栽插密度为75000株/hm~2的条件下,甘薯产量及各方面品质都处在较优水平。