遵义烟区不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落及影响因素分析

为探究不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落结构特征及影响细菌群落结构的主要因素,在贵州省遵义地区选择海拔800（ZL）、1000（ZS）和1200m（ZH）的3块植烟土壤,采用16S rRNA高通量测序法对植烟土壤微生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,ZL和ZH处理植烟土壤细菌α多样性均低于ZS处理;3个海拔下植烟土壤优势门为放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）,放线菌门的相对丰度以ZL处理最高,较ZH处理提高了34.22%;变形菌门表现则相反,ZH处理变形菌门丰度较ZL处理显著提高。绿弯菌门与酸杆菌门丰度在3个海拔处理中表现较为一致,均为ZS>ZL>ZH。聚类热图分析结果显示,土壤含水率和pH与Armatimonadota和蓝细菌门（Gyanobacteria）存在显著正相关关系,与变形菌门存在显著负相关关系;变形菌门、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和髌骨菌门（Patescibacteria）与土壤微生物量氮存在显著正相关关系,而与速效钾存在极显著负相关关系。     

抗青枯病花生种质资源的鉴定与筛选

为筛选适宜河南省信阳市种植的抗青枯病花生品种,对27份花生品种青枯病田间病圃进行鉴定,计算其发病率和病情指数,从而进行抗病性鉴定和筛选。结果表明,27个供试品种中,中高抗品种共10个占总数的37%,3个品种类型各筛选出2个抗病品种。6个抗病品种发病规律表明,7天和14天病情指数增长较快,21天后基本无变化。高油型花生‘远杂9102’和‘信花425’,高油酸型花生‘信花14号’和‘驻花11号’,普通型花生‘远杂21号’和‘豫花149号’为适宜信阳种植的抗病品种。     

畜禽粪便厌氧发酵过程抗生素抗性基因归趋及驱动因子分析

针对畜禽养殖业抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)污染问题,该文选取厌氧发酵技术,对比不同厌氧发酵体系内ARGs消长与潜在宿主菌,挖掘不同因子与ARGs的相互关系。结果表明,厌氧发酵体系内微生物群落变化是ARGs消长的主要驱动因子,确定ARGs的潜在宿主菌是目前研究的难点;抗生素和重金属也是ARGs消长的重要驱动因子,控制抗生素污染和重金属污染可有效减缓ARGs污染;可移动遗传元件在ARGs水平传播过程中起着重要作用。综合而言,厌氧发酵体系内各个因子直接或间接影响ARGs消长,其中工艺参数是控制整个厌氧发酵体系的先决因素,在特定工艺参数下,微生物群落与体系物化指标相互影响与制约;微生物通过分子内部可移动遗传元件实现ARGs在不同微生物之间的水平传播。综上所述,通过综合协调各类因子实现厌氧发酵体系内ARGs消控是今后研究重点。     

绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。     

Microbial residues were increased by film mulching with manure amendment in a semiarid agroecosystem

Amino sugars, as a kind of microbial residue, are strongly associated with cycling of microbial-derived soil organic matter. However, responses of amino sugars to agricultural practices on the Loess Plateau in North-western China are poorly known. The objective was to evaluate effects of film mulching (no film mulching + NPK fertilizers, CK; film mulching + NPK fertilizers, PF; film mulching + NPK fertilizers + cow manure, FM) on accumulations of amino sugars in this region. FM significantly increased total amino sugar by 190.46 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer and 214.66 mg kg^?1 in 10–20 cm layer relative to CK, but PF significantly decreased it by 139.28 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer. Ratios of glucosamine to muramic acid were markedly decreased by 2.50 in 0–10 cm layer and 2.28 in 10–20 cm layer in FM than CK, suggesting a tendency of microbial residues pool shift towards bacterial residues in this agroecosystem. These results indicated film mulching alone was not benefitial to accumulation of amino sugar while organic manure contributed to the build-up of amino sugar partly due to manure contained microbial residues. The different patterns of amino sugars suggested significant changes in the quality of microbial-derived organic matter.     

Bacteria and antibiotic resistance detection in fractures of wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain

Anatomic adaptations make birds more prone to open fractures with exposed bone parts losing vascularization. As a result of this exposure, fractures are colonized by different microorganisms, including different types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, causing osteomyelitis in many cases. For this reason, antibiotic treatment is common. However, carrying out antibiotic treatment without carrying out a previous antibiogram may contribute to increased resistance against antibiotics, especially in migratory wild birds. In this paper, bacterial counts regarding fracture type, bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance have been analysed in wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain. The results obtained showed that open fractures had higher bacterial counts (CFU/mL) than closed ones. Bacteria in family Enterobacteriaceae, identified were Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Hafnia alvei, Proteus mirabilis, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pantoea agglomerans. Other bacteria present in wild birds’ fractures were Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp. Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus sciuri. All species found presented resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used. Wild birds can be implicated in the introduction, maintenance and global spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and represent an emerging public health concern. Results obtained in this paper support the idea that it is necessary to take this fact into account before antibiotic administration to wild animals, since it could increase the number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics.     

西南旱地油菜间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖的生产效应

我国西南地区旱地的农田生态环境脆弱,绿肥应用匮乏,季节性干旱是限制油菜生产的关键因素。本研究在西南地区旱地引入冬季绿肥作物紫云英与油菜间作,并结合秸秆覆盖,探讨其对油菜光合特征、农艺性状、生物量、根系形态、油菜品质及产量的影响。结果表明,间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖改善了油菜的根颈粗、叶片数、有效分枝数和单株角果数等农艺性状,提高了油菜根系总根长、总根体积、总根表面积和平均根系直径等根系形态及蕾薹期和开花期的根、茎、叶生物量;还提高了油菜苗期光合作用强度,间作和秸秆覆盖处理的水分利用效率比油菜单作分别提高了31.12%和39.89%;但对油菜品质的影响较小。间作、秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖下间作的油菜群体产量分别比单作提高10.30%、13.20%和40.16%。在西南地区旱地,间作紫云英是提高油菜产量的可行途径,而且结合秸秆覆盖的生产效益更明显。     

NH3 Volatilization,N2O Emission and Microbial Biomass Turnover from 15N-Labeled Manure Under Laboratory Conditions

On irrigated agricultural soils from semi-arid and arid regions, ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission can be a considerable source of N losses. This study was designed to test the capture of ¹⁵N loss as NH₃ and N₂O from previous and recent manure application using a sandy, calcareous soil from Oman amended one or two times with ¹⁵N labeled manure to elucidate microbial turnover processes under laboratory conditions. The system allowed to detect ¹⁵N enrichments in evolved N₂O-N and NH₃-N of up to 17% and 9%, respectively, and total N, K₂SO₄ extractable N and microbial N pools from previous and recent ¹⁵N labeled manure applications of up to 7%, 8%, and 15%. One time manured soil had higher cumulative N₂O-N emissions (141 µg kg^?1) than repeatedly manured soil with 43 µg kg^?1 of which only 22% derived from recent manure application indicating a priming effect.     

典型畜禽粪便配伍食用菌菌渣堆肥研究

研究3种典型畜禽粪便工厂化高温好氧堆肥过程中物理化学参数的动态变化规律,为典型禽畜粪便和食用菌菌渣废弃物有机肥料化提供理论依据。本研究分别以新鲜牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪配以2倍质量(DW)的食用菌菌渣进行堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程中温度、pH值、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数等理化指标的动态变化规律。结果表明:堆肥过程中牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪处理在55℃以上的持续时间均超过15天,堆体温度均超过70℃。堆肥结束时,猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪处理的pH值分别为pH 7.59、7.81、7.48,符合腐熟堆肥pH 5.5~8.5的一般标准,种子发芽指数(GI)均大于80%,总养分(N+P_2O_5+K_2O)分别为4.31%、5.01%、4.57%,只有鸡粪处理满足有机肥养分标准(NY 525—2012)。堆肥过程中各处理铵态氮含量逐渐下降,硝态氮含量逐渐增加,至堆肥结束时牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪处理铵态氮的减少量分别为45.6%、29.2%、33.9%,而相应地硝态氮含量分别增加到2.59、2.57、2.15 g/kg。本研究结果可为适度规模养殖场的畜禽粪便进行堆肥处理提供一定的理论依据。     

猪粪厌氧发酵消化液回流体系微生物群落结构特征与产气关系研究

为明确厌氧发酵消化液回流体系中微生物群落结构的特征,采用Miseq高通量测序技术,研究回流过程中微生物的多样性和群落结构变化,并分析其与产气性能的关系。结果表明:消化液回流体系中,细菌的丰富度、多样性均高于产甲烷古菌,并随回流时间的延长明显增加,而产甲烷古菌无明显变化;细菌群落主要分为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)等8个不同的门类,厚壁菌门、梭菌纲(Clostridia)、梭菌属(Clostridium)是不同水平上的优势细菌,相对丰度分别从初期的62.79%、58.62%、35.44%上升到81.46%、68.19%、39.10%;产甲烷古菌中,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)占绝对优势,在接种物中,第68 d和第219 d相对丰度分别为94.76%、99.89%、99.59%,属分类上主要有7种,其中甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)的相对丰度由23.99%升高到72.28%,而甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)和甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera)分别由16.34%、21.71%降低至3.70%、12.93%;日平均产气率由初期的409 m L·g~(-1)升高至477 m L·g~(-1),在219 d的试验中,氨氮和有机酸浓度均呈升高趋势,但并未对厌氧发酵产生抑制作用。研究表明:厌氧发酵回流体系中微生物以梭菌属和甲烷八叠球菌属为优势菌属,产气率随其相对丰度的增大而升高,而与甲烷短杆菌属和甲烷球菌属呈负相关。