基于用户参与的科研院所机构知识库建设模式研究

文章以用户参与为理论基础,以融入科研管理为实践目标,创新性地提出一种适合科研院所的机构知识库建设模式,并以江苏省农业科学院为例进行了实证研究,该模式兼具传统机构知识库功能,又能体现科研机构特色、解决科研机构成果管理问题.在此基础上,还分析明确了适用于科研院所成果管理和共享的数据审核流程、元数据标准规范、功能模块、系统架构、管理运行机制等.     

网络治理视域下森林资源治理模式探析

通过梳理相关文献发现，国外对有关森林资源治理问题的研究更为系统，以自然资源治理理论为基础，创新发展出强调公众参与度提升的协同性治理理念，关注公众参与的网络治理理论现已成为研究切入的新视角。文中以构建我国森林资源多层次治理网络为主线，结合国内外研究进展，提出一种适于我国的森林资源治理网络框架，以期推动森林资源治理问题的探讨，为治理途径的构建与创新提供借鉴。     

From borders to ecotones – Private-public co-management of urban woodland edges bordering private housing

This paper conceptualises and evaluates so-called co-management zones as an approach for user participation in urban forestry, specifically in the management of public woodland edges bordering residential areas. Co-management zones can metaphorically be viewed as ‘ecotone-like’ spaces, i.e. zones where overlapping interest – in this case residents’ and municipal authorities’ – can be used to create richness and meetings rather than boundaries. Building on the perspectives of ecotone thinking and governance arrangements, co-management zones in the Danish residential area of Sletten in Holstebro were evaluated. The presented case study combined interviews with residents and interviews with three key green space professionals who had led the planning, design, establishment and management of the woodland and the implementation of co-management. The resident participation in the co-management zone was also assessed and photo documented in a field survey, categorising individual households according to type and degree of physical signs of participation. Findings illustrate the potential of co-management zones to initiate collaboration between residents and public woodland managers in creating recreationally valuable and varied meetings between private gardens and urban woodlands. Challenges with establishing co-management zones were also highlighted, especially the need for clear guidelines and continuous communication between residents and the municipality. Perspectives and implications related to residents, managers and green space quality are discussed.     

农地整治项目农户有效参与的影响机理

[目的]研究农地整治项目农户有效参与的影响机理,为政府国土部门制定提高农户有效参与的激励政策提供依据与参考。[方法]运用分位数回归以及反事实分位数分解模型,基于湖北省15个县(市、区)的26个农地整治项目的样本数据,分析农户有效参与的影响机理,同时探究丘陵工程模式区与岗前平原模式区农户有效参与的差异及成因。[结果](1)从整体情况看,参与能力的增强,参与机会的增加,以及参与动力的提升对提高农户有效参与度均有着重要的影响。(2)从不同区域农户有效参与差异来看,由参与能力造成的特征差异解释了农户有效参与度差异的绝大部分,但是由参与机会和参与动力造成的地域系数差异同样农户有效参与中不可忽略的影响因素。[结论]参与能力的增强,参与机会的增加,参与动力的提升对农户有效参与度均有重要的影响;同时政府国土部门应结合不同区域农地整治项目的实际开展情况,有针对性地制定相关激励政策,以期改善各地农地整治项目中农户有效参与的情况。     

国外社区参与生态补偿的实践及经验

本文介绍了其他国家农村社区参与生态补偿的做法及主要经验,以期为我国社区参与生态补偿提供一些借鉴.     

The use of compensatory and non-compensatory multi-criteria analysis for small-scale forestry

Small-scale farm forestry has the potential to offer many benefits both to landholders and the wider community. As with all changes in land-use practices, there are associated benefits and costs and these are not uniformly distributed. They have varying impacts on the different values, aspirations, goals and objectives that exist within the community. Furthermore, the community does not consider these values, aspirations, goals and objectives of equal importance. The degree of concern can vary from minor to high and overriding all other considerations. When evaluating farm forestry options it is necessary to address all of these concerns. This paper examines the combined use compensatory and non-compensatory multi-criteria analyses to evaluate forestry options, in a case study for the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia. These aggregation techniques are found to be highly complementary and together provide a comprehensive analysis. The compensatory technique provides a sound measure of overall performance of a forestry system, whereas the non-compensatory technique alerts decision-makers to presence of particularly poor performance with respect to individual criteria. The compensatory technique used is simple and understandable even for those with non-mathematical backgrounds. This analysis can identify and aid communication of the relative benefits and costs, and trade-offs, between economic, environmental and social considerations.     

Conflict management and participation in community forestry

In this paper consideration is first given to how community forestry practitioners have commonly understood the term participation, and why the concept of conflict does not seem to have overlapped with notions of participation. Failure to perceive conflict as inherent in participation is shown to have led to problems in implementation of community forestry programmes. The emerging awareness of conflict today is shown to be associated with the move away from community forestry in the form of village-based tree planting schemes towards community forest management, which involves devolution of state authority over natural forests. The paper presents a number of methods for managing conflict and discusses their strong and weak points. Using the experience of the introduction of participation as a comparison, the paper considers the extent to which conflict management might be adopted as standard practice by forest agencies in community forestry. The paper concludes that because of the limited mandate of forest agencies, it is unlikely that they will be able to use conflict management tools to bring about social justice in forest conflict situations. However, the paper suggests that use of such tools could result in heightened awareness of the importance of conflict and in this way improve forest practice.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Recreational sea fishing in Europe in a global context—Participation rates,fishing effort,expenditure, and implications for monitoring and assessment

Marine recreational fishing (MRF) is a high‐participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi‐quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid‐range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae) and western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.     

我国财政支出绩效评价存在问题的研究及启示

绩效评价作为一项新的财政支出管理举措,由于认识、制度和管理等原因,导致了绩效评价在评价程序等方面出现了一些问题。作者通过对财政支出项目绩效评价的案例研究,提出现阶段财政支出绩效评价中存在问题的解决思路。     

外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响——基于CFPS2012的实证分析

基于中国家庭动态追踪调查数据CFPS2012实证分析了家庭成员外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响。研究结果表明:1)家庭成员外出务工会负向影响留守人员的农业劳动供给,随着外出务工率的提升,留守人员的农业劳动参与率和劳动供给时间均会随之下降。2)家庭成员外出务工后,留守老人和留守女性的农业劳动供给也会相应减少。3)如果不考虑内生性和样本选择偏差,则会低估外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响。