The economic benefits and costs of trees in urban forest stewardship: A systematic review

Understanding the benefits provided by urban trees is important to justify investment and improve stewardship. Many studies have attempted to quantify the benefits of trees in monetary terms, though fewer have quantified the associated costs of planting and maintaining them. This systematic review examines the methods used to jointly analyse the costs and benefits of trees in the urban landscape, assesses the relative balance of benefits and costs, and attempts to understand the wide variation in economic values assigned in different studies. The benefits most frequently studied are those related to environmental regulation and property values, and the available data show that these usually outweigh the costs. Aesthetic, amenity, and shading benefits have also been shown to provide significant economic benefits, while benefits in terms of water regulation, carbon reduction and air quality are usually more modest. Variation in benefits and costs among studies is attributed largely to differences in the species composition and age structure of urban tree populations, though methodological differences also play a role. Comparison between studies is made difficult owing to differences in spatiotemporal scope, and in the way urban forest composition and demographic structure were reported. The overwhelming majority of studies concern deciduous trees in Northern America, and much less is known about urban forests in other regions, especially in the tropics. Future work should thus seek to fill these knowledge gaps, and standardise research protocols across cities. In light of ambitious goals in many cities to increase tree cover, ongoing advances in valuation methods need to provide a more comprehensive accounting of benefits and costs, and to better integrate economic assessment into the decision-making process.     

湿地生态系统经济价值评价的探讨

为了促进湿地资源的合理利用和开发,我们通过需求—效用理论对湿地资源的价值评价问题进行了讨论.从中可以看出,湿地不但有巨大的物质生产价值,还有更为巨大的功能性服务方面的“隐形”价值。因此,开展湿地的经济价值评价,可以为湿地的开发利用项目的评定与选择提供依据,有利于湿地生态系统的可持续发展。     

达里诺尔国家级自然保护区游憩服务功能价值评估

对自然资源价值的评估是监测自然资源的保护与可持续开发利用效果的理论基础。文章以内蒙古赤峰市克什克腾旗达里诺尔国家级自然保护区为研究对象,运用旅行费用法对达里诺尔国家级自然保护区的游憩服务功能进行了价值评估,计算出其游憩总价值为7517万元。这一结果可为达里诺尔国家级自然保护区的资源决策和资源补偿提供一定的参考。     

浅议工程量清单计价模式

本文论述了实行工程量清单计价模式的重要性及其优越性;探讨了它与传统的定额计价模式的区别与联系。工程量清单计价模式是建筑市场发展的必然趋势,它对招投标机制的完善和发展及建立有序的建设市场公平竞争秩序起到积极的推动作用。     

European forest accounting: general concepts and Austrian experiences

Within the European Union there exist three different frameworks for forest accounting at the national level. For purposes of the national accounts, the regulations of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) have to be observed. They require a distinction between forestry and logging and provide specific guidelines for the valuation of standing timber. In recognition of the special character of forests and forestry production, two satellite accounts are devoted to forestry: the Economic Accounts for Forestry (EAF) and the European Framework for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Forests (IEEAF). Although they were designed as complementary to the national accounts and refer to the same basic methodologies, the guidelines for forest accounting provided by the three manuals are not fully compatible. Just recently, a further integration and harmonization of the concepts for forest accounting has been proposed. Austria has implemented the valuation of the increment as an output of forestry as requested by ESA and produces the EAF tables on a regular basis. The possibilities for extending forest accounting to natural resource accounts for standing timber and the IEEAF have been investigated in terms of pilot studies. The Austrian experiences and results exemplify the problems and possible solutions associated with the adoption of the different European schemes. Data deficits and valuation issues restrict the significance of respective results to some degree, especially as regards forestry-specific extensions of the accounting schemes.     

Spatially Explicit Evaluation of Local Extractive Benefits from Mangrove Plantations in Bangladesh

Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities.

To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha^?1 yr^?1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha^?1 yr^?1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations.     

咖啡种质资源的引进、研究及利用

对引进保存的个咖啡种质进行种质特性和适应性研究及评价;对用部分种质的基因型作有性杂交,164获得份不同杂交组合种子实生苗材料进行筛选;推广小粒咖啡卡蒂莫(15CIFC7963F6)生产种植6 984hm2,取得显著经济效益。     

江西九连山国家级自然保护区有效管理评价

采用《自然保护区经营管理评价技术规范》中的指标赋分值及"中国林业系统自然保护区管理能力与管理效果评价"项目的调查方法和因子筛选法确定评价因子,对江西九连山国家级自然保护区有效管理进行量化评价。     

辽宁省森林生态系统服务功能及其价值初步研究

从生态系统服务功能的概念入手,根据2005年辽宁省森林资源清查数据和有关研究资料,采用替代工程、市场价值等方法,从直接经济价值和间接经济价值两方面评价了辽宁省森林生态系统服务功能的价值。     

北京妙峰山森林文化条件价值评估

【目的】评价妙峰山森林文化价值，对我国其他地区的森林文化价值评估亦有一定的借鉴意义，为全面开展中国森林文化价值量化评估探索路径。【方法】采用条件价值评估法，调研受访者对森林文化的认同程度，评估妙峰山森林文化价值，继而采用逐步回归法分析受访者支付意愿的影响因素。【结果】古树名木、寓言典故和神山传说是受访者接触程度最高的文化符号；受访者了解森林文化的方式呈现多元化，互联网和书籍是最主要的途径；森林采摘是受访者最乐于接受的森林实践活动；94%以上的受访者认同森林具有文化价值，认可程度较高；舒缓心情是受访者最为认同的福利(占比为82.32%)，其次为锻炼身体(占比为62.20%)和休闲娱乐(占比为45.12%)；妙峰山森林文化的人均支付意愿为100元人民币，最重要的影响因素是个人年收入，其次是对森林文化价值的认同程度和学历；对所支付费用的使用透明度不放心是部分受访者拒绝支付的最主要原因；大部分受访者(占比为53.05%)愿意将所支付的费用使用在妙峰山森林文化艺术创作方面，捐款(占比为33.77%)是受访者最愿意接受的支付方式。【结论】理解偏差、心理账户偏差、支付方式偏差、投标起点偏差等多种偏差都会造成条件价值评估结果的误差。即使本研究只是初步估值，本研究的方法与结论仍然可以为建设与保护森林文化的相关管理决策提供依据。另外，如何提升国民对森林文化的认知和参与程度以及对森林文化所带来福利的感受，是提升国民对森林文化的认可程度，乃至提升森林文化价值的关键。森林文化的内涵随着人类对森林功能认识的不断深入、人类与森林相互作用关系的变化而不断拓展，如何正确认识森林文化并科学计量森林文化的价值仍然是一个有活力的课题，值得继续深入研究。