Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

Over 40% of 450 registered wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) worldwide are composed of multiple biotypes

Many of 450 common wheat cultivars bred and registered during the twentieth century in 12 countries were proved, due to seed-by-seed analysis, to be composed of two or more biotypes differing in their alleles at the gliadin (Gli) loci. These multiple biotypes may be regarded as authentic progeny of the respective parent lines, as evidenced by the gliadin composition of the respective parents. Therefore, the official claim for each cultivar to be uniform is commonly not maintained in practice. The most frequent was a non-uniform cultivar composed of two biotypes differing at one Gli locus, but there were cultivars represented by a large set of related genotypes differing at several Gli loci. The proportion of the multi-biotype cultivars was never less than 15% for a country collection, exceeding 50% in other countries. This proportion differed significantly between neighbouring countries. In Australia, all multi-biotype cultivars were found in eastern states; in the state of Victoria, their frequency was statistically higher than in the rest of the country. The proportion of multi-biotype cultivars among newly-released cultivars decreased with time in Australia and the UK. Thus, the non-uniformity of registered cultivars represents a general and important phenomenon of common wheat as a crop.     

基于“3S”技术的辽宁省某尾矿库扩容工程生态影响预测与评价

以辽宁省某尾矿库为例,基于GIS技术,利用2010年的TM遥感影像及地形图,预测该尾矿库扩容后的生态影响。分析结果显示:尾矿库扩容工程对生态的影响主要体现在土地利用、植被、生态景观和地形地貌的变化4个方面。     

“一带一路”背景下云南民族竹文化的传承与传播

云南民族竹文化在维系民族的生存和发展、保护生态环境、引领精神价值方面具有重要作用。在“一带一路”倡议下，民族竹文化的传播不但能加强文明间的对话、谋求更多共识，更能维护文化多样性、提升中国话语权。文章分析了云南民族竹文化的内容体系、新时代下传播与传承中存在的问题，从加大政策支持、加快人才培养、培育文化产业等方面提出了云南民族竹文化的建设路径。     

茶和天下语境下历史典故的重温与传播——以“以茶代酒”为例

中华茶文化历史源远流长,文化内容博大精深,是中国文化乃至世界文化重要的组成部分。然而,历史茶文化尤其是历史典故,大多需要重新解读,只有将历史与现实结合起来,有针对性且有说服力地赋予新的时代内涵,才能扩大其在世界范围的价值认同。基于此,本文以“以茶代酒”为例,将其置于茶和天下的语境下,在重温这一历史典故的基础上,从增加中华茶文化魅力,促进历史茶文化的传播的角度出发,分析探讨了以茶代酒的当代价值或中华茶文化核心价值的当代体现,并根据全球化与茶文化传播的需要,从增强自信性、构建“同型性”、抢占先机性、设计备选性等方面,提出了如何通过以茶代酒,推动中华茶文化核心价值实现的相关策略。     

“一分钟游程”构园法则的适用性研究

“一分钟游程”构园法则将人的视觉感受与园林组景共同考虑,以25~30 m作为组景转换的理想距离,对游路结构进行反复烘托与不断强化,从而形成柔和、丰富的“构景曲线”。选择南北方各具代表性的苏州沧浪亭和北京恭王府花园,分析其园林的景观布局,对比园林空间序列的“起”“承”“转”“合”间距。结果表明,“一分钟游程”构园法则在南方私家园林及北方皇家园林中同样适用,为今后的游线组织与组景布设提供了设计参考。     

‘珍珠蜜’网纹甜瓜优质栽培技术探讨

‘珍珠蜜’网纹甜瓜是当前我国的高档优质果品,以其果大肉厚、耐贮运及独特的风味,深受人们喜爱。近年来,在北京、上海等大中城市十分畅销,产值极高。开展合理栽培对提高‘珍珠蜜’网纹甜瓜的产量、改善品质、降低成本、提高市场竞争力、促进主产区的经济发展、增加农民收入等具有十分重要的意义。     

“0.618黄金杯”和不同基质对油茶组培苗生根的影响

为了解决油茶组培苗根系发生困难的问题,将油茶无菌短枝组培苗分别扦插在运用"0.618黄金水位"原理制作的"黄金杯"和扦插常用的传统营养杯中,两种营养杯中分别填入以1︰1的珍珠岩与草炭的混配基质、细河沙及红心土,就不同营养杯和不同基质处理对油茶组培苗生根的影响情况进行了对比试验。结果表明:采用1︰1的珍珠岩与草炭的混配基质,将油茶无菌短枝组培苗扦插在运用"0.618黄金水位"原理制作的"黄金杯"中,可使油茶组培苗在30天内发生出10.68条/株、平均根长为7.52㎝的根系,其发根率为100%。     

“一带一路”沿线分区用水结构与产业结构的分析比较

“一带一路”沿线用水结构与产业结构的分析，对支撑沿线区域发展意义重大。基于“一带一路”主体水资源区分区及用水研究，采用赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数（HHI指数）分析了“一带一路”产业用水量和GDP的地理集中度，采取用水结构指数和产业结构指数分析了分区用水结构及产业结构的差异，应用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数对“一带一路”全区用水量与GDP的匹配度进行研究，计算了“一带一路”分区基于数列的用水量与GDP匹配度。结果表明：① “一带一路”第一产业用水量和GDP产值的集中度在三大产业中均为最高，主要集中在东亚、西亚、南亚和东南亚；② 不同分区分产业用水量和GDP产值占各分区总量的比值，在空间分布差异上从大到小依次为第一、第三、第二产业；③ “一带一路”全区第三产业用水结构与GDP产值匹配度最差，南亚是第一产业和第三产业匹配度最差的分区。分析成果有助于系统了解“一带一路”区域用水和产业结构的基本情况，为深入分析分区水资源与经济社会关系提供指导。     

两型社会建设背景下生态效率评价研究——以湖南省为例

基于"两型"社会建设的目标与内涵,选取了湖南省生态效率综合评价指标,以2003—2012年湖南省数据为样本,采用DEA数据包络分析法计算各年份的生态效率,并对不同年份的能源消耗量、水资源消费量以及三废的排放量进行深入分析。结果表明,随着湖南省GDP的增长,生态效率也不断在提高。针对不同的资源产出率和环境产出率,湖南省应树立可持续发展理念,实现经济由粗放型发展向集约型发展转变;发展创新技术,推进湖南省两型社会的发展;完善法律法规体系,加大宣传力度,改变保守观念,提高人们的环保意识。