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排序方式: 共有93条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Egg recognition is a variable but common anti‐parasitism defense among different species of birds with brood parasites. In contrast, nestling recognition is rare. Very few studies have found nestling recognition in brood parasite hosts and determined the rejection mechanism behind this behavior. Hosts may use the number of hatchling down‐feathers to reject parasite nestlings. We tested whether hatchling down‐feathers is a visual cue for the red‐rumped swallow, a host that can recognize and reject parasite nestlings. Our results indicated that red‐rumped swallows do not recognize foreign nestlings based on hatchling down‐feathers. The closed nest structure and hatchling morph may explain the absence of such a mechanism. None of the rejection mechanisms found in previous studies could explain the nestling recognition in swallows. Olfactory cues, tactile cues, or other visual cues, except for single nestling or hatchling down‐feathers, may provide nestling recognition in red‐rumped swallows. More study is needed to evaluate these possibilities.  相似文献   
2.
Mutual interaction between brood parasites and their hosts is a well‐known model system for studying host–parasite coevolution. Both parties have acted reciprocally, resembling an evolutionary arms race, in which adaptations and counter‐adaptations have evolved as a result of host–parasite dynamics, such as the classical cuckoo–host system. Discrimination among parasite and cuckoo eggs and rejection of foreign eggs is regarded as an important anti‐parasitism strategy. The Chinese babax (Babax lanceolatus) is a large hawk‐cuckoo (Hierococcyx sparverioides) host distributed in southwest China. A previous study shows that the babax is an intermediate egg rejector, and most cuckoo eggs are accepted by the Chinese babax, although a small proportion of hosts reject cuckoo eggs. Interestingly, the large hawk‐cuckoo lays non‐mimetic eggs in contrast to the uniform blue eggs of babaxes. Because egg coloration is a critical cue used by host species in favor of the recognition of parasitic eggs by hosts, we used a spectrometer to quantify egg color variation to understand the differentiation in discrimination ability between the egg rejectors and acceptors. We found that the chroma of intra‐clutch variation of babax eggs was more consistent in egg rejectors than in acceptors. However, no statistical significance was found in inter‐clutch variation between these two types of hosts. Our results suggest that hosts lay eggs with a low level of intra‐clutch variation without the necessity of a high level of inter‐clutch variation simultaneously as predicted by the egg signature hypothesis. This study may further indicate that selection pressures from evolutionarily recent parasites can drive individual‐based differences in an anti‐parasitism strategy.  相似文献   
3.
采用微核(MN)试验和姊妹染色单体交换(SCE)试验评价了百草枯(Paraquat,PQ)对人肝Hep G2细胞的致突变性。结果显示,7.21 mg/L的PQ处理即可导致Hep G2细胞的MN率和SCE频率均明显升高,且MN率和SCE频率升高趋势均与PQ处理浓度呈正相关,至34.57 mg/L的PQ处理组,Hep G2细胞的MN率和SCE频率分别升高为正常组的5.29和6.07倍,表明PQ对人肝Hep G2细胞具有明显的致突变性。  相似文献   
4.
5.
Jin-Won LEE 《中国鸟类》2012,3(4):312-319
了解一个物种种群内多态性的发生及其进化,是进化生物学的挑战之一。鸟类卵色的多态性是其中一个重要例子,分裂选择被认为是鸟类卵色多态性进化的机制。我们对韩国境内的棕头鸦雀(Paradoxornis webbianus)种群的卵色变化进行了调查,采用光纤光谱仪来确定纯蓝和纯白卵色的出现比率。结果表明,不同地理种群的鸦雀的蓝、白卵色的比率不同,高纬度地区蓝色卵的比例较少,而随着纬度南移,蓝色卵的比例逐渐增多。种群之间的卵色比率变化模式与种群内卵色的比率变化不同。本文探讨了棕头鸦雀卵色多态性进化的理论假设。  相似文献   
6.
Five physiological and eleven yield traits of two pairs of sister lines generated from a high generation with similar genetic background (SLs) for purple pericarp were investigated to explore the reasons behind low-yield production of colored rice. Of the five physiological traits examined, except grain anthocyanin content, there were generally similar trends between the P (purple-pericarp) lines and the corresponding W (white-pericarp) lines over two seasons (in the year 2009 and 2010 separately). The results demonstrated that the chlorophyll content of flag leaves, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, and the grain anthocyanin content could be easily influenced by the environment. The physiological functions of the traits for the P lines were more active than those of the corresponding W lines in the year 2010. The grain anthocyanin content of the P lines was much greater in the year 2010 than in the year 2009 during the growth period. The investigation of yield traits revealed that the P lines had reduced 1000-grain weight, yield per plot and grain/brown rice thickness compared to the W lines. A difference comparison of these traits and a source-sink and transportation relationship analysis for these SLs suggested that small sink size was a key reason behind yield reduction of purple pericarp rice.  相似文献   
7.
很早人们就已发现一些寄生性繁殖的杜鹃,其外形与Accipiter属的鹰类非常相似。最近的实验表明,大杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)模拟鹰类有助于其接近宿主大苇莺(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)的巢。不过,大苇莺却能够通过公众信息传递来识别大杜鹃的这一计谋。反过来,这也导致了杜鹃外形多态性的进化,以避免宿主对杜鹃的识别。通过比较研究,我们发现在寄生性的杜鹃中,模拟鹰类外形(如虹膜黄色,胸腹部具斑纹,脚黄)的杜鹃种类具有明显的外形多态性(29%的种类),远高于不模拟鹰类外形的杜鹃(仅8%的种类具有多态性)。系统发生分析进一步证实了模拟鹰类外形与杜鹃多态性进化之间的相关性。我们认为,杜鹃对鹰类的动态模拟很可能促进了杜鹃外形多态性的进化,以避免宿主对杜鹃的识别。  相似文献   
8.
池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)属于晚成鸟,育雏期间会取食大量的鱼类和昆虫类食物。2008年7月11-17日,通过拾取池鹭雏鸟的呕吐物,对长江口崇西湿地的池鹭种群育雏期间的食性进行了连续取样调查。池鹭食物成分中鱼类重量占的比例为88.86%,昆虫类为0.79%,哺乳类为1.27%,研究数据表明,池鹭的取食以鱼类为主,有较高的一致性,并且偏向于取食鲫(Carassius auratus),鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)等经济鱼种;食物成分中鲫的选择系数最高,为0.0514,单位重量每个为7.6409g,说明繁殖期池鹭的食物主要由当年放养的鲫鱼苗组成,对当地的渔业养殖有着明显的影响。根据我们之前的调查,在崇明岛一些区域,当地人主要采用破坏鹭巢和鸟蛋,使用猎枪射杀成鸟和雏鸟的方法减少其对渔业的影响。因此在对于鹭类的研究中,我们应当注意鹭类行为的负面效应,通过不同角度的研究,用更完善的方式对其进行生态管理。  相似文献   
9.
Abstract Variation in brood abandonment was explored by conducting partial brood removals from smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, nests in two north temperate lakes. In both lakes, percent of the brood removed had no effect on nest failure rates. Nest failure prior to offspring swim‐up was more common, but unrelated to brood size after removal, in the lake with higher post‐spawning mortality and lower growth and fecundity. Brood size after removal was negatively related to nest failure in the lake with high survival, growth and fecundity. Nests guarded by young males failed more frequently than those of old males, and young broods failed more frequently than old broods. Dynamic programming and logistic regression models developed to predict nest fate worked better for the lake with selective pressures that theoretically favoured abandonment (e.g. high post‐spawning mortality). Both models identified male age and brood age as important factors in predicting nest fates. Because nest success is related to the age of the parent, this could have consequences for overall nest success for populations with different demographics.  相似文献   
10.
白蜡虫种虫生产中“三红三黑”原因研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
长期以来,在白蜡虫种虫生产上经常出现“三红三黑”现象,造成白蜡产量极不稳定。作者经近20a的调查研究认为:白蜡生产出现这一现象,不是干热风,9 ̄10月阴雨、雾淞、寄主树不合理利用等因素造成的,而是白蜡虫的天敌昆虫,主要是寄生蜂消长危害结果。白蜡虫的寄生蜂有5科14种,可在雌雄白蜡虫体内互相寄生,9 ̄10月份寄生蜂危害达高峰期,致使大量雌虫死亡变黑;危害轻时,种虫红润,获得丰收。  相似文献   
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