翅形态特征在重阳木斑蛾成虫性别鉴定中的应用

为了明确重阳木斑蛾的翅形态特征在其性别鉴定中的作用,探索雌雄难于区分的成虫的数值鉴定方法。采用图像处理与分析技术,通过爱普生扫描仪获取重阳木斑蛾前翅图,利用BugShape v1.0软件提取雌雄成虫翅的轮廓特征,利用tpsDig2软件获取翅脉交叉点位置特征,并利用独立样本t检验和标志点空间普氏叠加和扭曲分析,以明确此类特征在该成虫雌雄鉴定中的作用。结果表明,重阳木斑蛾成虫左右前翅轮廓特征在同一性别中差异不显著。仅利用左前翅数据进行分析时,翅面积、短轴长度、等效圆半径、偏心率、球状性和圆形度在两个性别中存在极显著差异,周长和长轴长度的差异达到显著水平,而紧凑度和叶状性差异不显著。使用左右前翅作为数据集进行分析时,除紧凑度和叶状性差异仍不显著外,其余参数均达到极显著水平。雌雄前翅轮廓特征作为指标来判别性别时正确率为100%,但存在左右翅相互错判现象。翅膀内部翅脉交叉点的空间位置在个体间存在较大差异,主要表现在相对于翅的横向方向变异大。雌雄间的差异主要存在于外缘附近的翅脉交叉点。结论:通过前翅的轮廓特征可以区分重阳木斑蛾雌雄成虫的差异。翅脉交叉点空间位置在雌雄间和个体间存在一定的变异。     

昆虫趋泥行为的研究进展

昆虫取食、生殖等行为一直备受行为学家和进化生物学学家的关注。趋泥行为是鳞翅目昆虫中较为常见的一种补充营养的特殊行为。随着众多假说的提出,趋泥行为发生的内在机制逐渐成为行为生态学和进化生物学研究的热点问题之一。尽管昆虫趋泥行为的报道较多,但现有的理论和试验数据尚存分歧。本文简要回顾了昆虫趋泥行为的研究历史、介绍了趋泥行为发生的性别、虫龄差异及驱动力假说,评述了这一行为对昆虫生态适应及生殖生理的影响,并提出了应整合多个层面上的研究来探讨昆虫趋泥行为在生态学以及昆虫进化过程中的意义。     

Masculinization of the Native Bay Snook,Petenia splendida,Using Oral Administration of the Synthetic Steroid 17α‐methyltestosterone

The possibility of inducing sex reversal in bay snook, Petenia splendida, was evaluated to generate a protocol aimed at producing single‐sex populations (100% males) and improving farming conditions for this species. This popular staple food is a cichlid fish native to Central America, with aquaculture potential. We evaluated oral administration of the synthetic steroid 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT) to determine optimal dosage (30, 45, and 60 mg/kg of food) and days of feeding (30, 45, and 60) to attain efficient masculinization. The statistical analysis indicates a highly significant effect of both factors as well as for the interaction (P < 0.01). We registered significant differences in growth at the end of the experiment; fish fed with 60 mg of MT for 60 d reached the largest size, while fish fed with no MT were smaller. No significant differences were observed for survival (P > 0.05), ranging from 55.7 to 75.3% in the treatments. We recommend the use of 60 mg/kg of MT for 30 d for achieving successful sex reversal. This study provides valuable information supporting the inclusion of new species in aquaculture, reducing time and costs associated with sex reversal previously proposed for the species.     

天牛科昆虫信息化合物研究现状

天牛科昆虫是危害严重的林业害虫,给林业生产造成重大损失。昆虫信息化合物的鉴定及应用,在害虫综合治理(IPM)中发挥着重要的作用。到目前为止,已从100多种天牛科物种中鉴定出信息化合物质,天牛亚科(Cerambycinae)、沟胫天牛亚科(Lamiinae)和椎天牛亚科(Spondylidinae)鉴定出雄性天牛的聚集信息素组分,花天牛亚科(Lepturinae)和锯天牛亚科(Prioninae)物种主要是鉴定出雌性天牛释放性的性信息素组分。这些信息素组分在不同亚科、不同属和种之间重叠率高,同一种组分可以在多种天牛物种中发挥作用,调节昆虫行为活动的信息化学物质在害虫治理中具有应用潜力和广阔的前景。对国内外已研究的天牛科信息素组分进行系统分析,可为今后鉴定新的天牛科信息素组分提供依据,加快我国天牛科信息素组分鉴定和应用进程。     

Major ascaroside pheromone component asc-C5 influences reproductive plasticity among isolates of the invasive species pinewood nematode

Pheromones are communication chemicals and regulatory signals used by animals and represent unique tools for organisms to mediate behaviors and make “decisions” to maximize their fitness. Phenotypic plasticity refers to the innate capacity of a species to tolerate a greater breadth of environmental conditions across which it adapts to improve its survival, reproduction, and fitness. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, an invasive nematode species, was accidentally introduced from North America into Japan, China, and Europe; however, few studies have investigated its pheromones and phenotypic plasticity as a natural model. Here, we demonstrated a novel phenomenon, in which nematodes under the condition of pheromone presence triggered increased reproduction in invasive strains (JP1, JP2, CN1, CN2, EU1, and EU2), while it simultaneously decreased reproduction in native strains (US1 and US2). The bidirectional effect on fecundity, mediated by presence/absence of pheromones, is henceforth termed pheromone-regulative reproductive plasticity (PRRP). We further found that synthetic ascaroside asc-C5 (ascr#9), the major pheromone component, plays a leading role in PRRP and identified 2 candidate receptor genes, Bxydaf-38 and Bxysrd-10, involved in perceiving asc-C5. These results suggest that plasticity of reproductive responses to pheromones in pinewood nematode may increase its fitness in novel environments following introduction. This opens up a new perspective for invasion biology and presents a novel strategy of invasion, suggesting that pheromones, in addition to their traditional roles in chemical signaling, can influence the reproductive phenotype among native and invasive isolates. In addition, this novel mechanism could broadly explain, through comparative studies of native and invasive populations of animals, a potential underlying factor behind of the success of other biological invasions.     

运城酥梨产区梨小食心虫发生动态监测及性诱剂诱捕防控效果调查

为明确梨小食心虫在山西省运城市的发生规律和性诱剂诱捕的田间防治效果,利用性诱剂三角形诱捕器对梨小食心虫成虫的发生动态进行了系统监测,并对两种性诱剂诱捕器在田间的防治效果进行了调查。监测结果表明,监测期间梨小食心虫成虫发生有3个高峰期：第一个高峰期在6月15日—7月1日,第二个高峰期在7月23—29日,第三个高峰期在8月28日—9月3日。性诱剂诱捕的防治效果调查表明,两种性诱剂诱捕器对梨小食心虫成虫的防治均有效果,且三角形诱捕器效果较好。本研究明确了梨小食心虫成虫在运城地区的发生动态及性诱剂诱捕的防治效果,为运城地区梨园梨小食心虫的预测预报及绿色防治提供了科学依据。     

益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗2型糖尿病合并男性性功能障碍的临床研究

目的 探讨益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus，T2DM）合并男性性功能障碍患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法 将T2DM合并男性性功能障碍患者146例，按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组，每组73例。对照组患者予缬沙坦胶囊口服，观察组患者加服益肾活血汤，4周为1个疗程，连续治疗3个疗程。观察治疗前后两组患者国际勃起功能障碍指数（International index of erectile dysfunction-5，IIEF-5）、阴茎勃起时间、阴茎头、根部平均硬度及血清性激素[促卵泡生成素（Follicle stimulating hormone，FSH）、黄体生成素（Luteinizing hormone，LH）、雌二醇（estradiol，E₂）和睾酮（testosterone，T）]水平变化；评估两组患者治疗后性生活满意度和不良反应发生率；比较两组患者治疗后临床总有效率。结果 观察组患者临床总有效率84.93%明显高于对照组的50.68%（P<0.05）；两组患者治疗后IIEF-5、阴茎勃起时间、阴茎头、根部平均硬度及血清T水平均较治疗前明显升高（P<0.05），血清FSH、LH及E₂水平均显著下降（P<0.05），且观察组各项指标的改善明显优于对照组（P<0.05）；观察组患者性生活总满意度91.78%明显高于对照组的68.49%（P<0.05）；两组患者在治疗期间均未出现明显不良反应。结论 益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗T2DM合并男性性功能障碍临床疗效确切，能有效改善患者的阴茎状态和血清性激素水平，改善患者的性生活，安全性高，值得临床推广应用。     

番木瓜实生苗两性株的鉴定及其组培繁殖体系的建立

本研究以多重PCR技术鉴定的番木瓜实生苗两性株茎尖作为外植体,建立和优化了一套组培苗繁殖体系,解决了成龄侧芽来源的无根苗催根难和移栽成活率低的问题。以‘蔬罗’‘蜜红’番木瓜品种的实生苗,通过多重PCR鉴定出两性株,将其茎尖培养于MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖 30 g/L+琼脂 6 g/L（pH 5.8）上,在28 ℃、2000 lx条件培养30 d后,继代于MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6 g/L（pH 5.8）上,在28 ℃、2000 lx条件下培养30 d形成较为强壮的无根苗,接种于1/2MS+IBA 0.75 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L+KT 0.01 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂 6g/L（pH 5.8）上进行催根,在28 ℃、1500 lx条件下培养20 d后,用不同浓度营养生根水和不同处理时间对‘蔬罗’‘蜜红’无根苗进行移栽试验,以确定最佳催根率和移栽成活率的浓度和时间。研究结果表明：多重PCR技术鉴定性别的准确率达98%以上,‘蔬罗’在50 mg/L营养生根水和8 h处理条件下获得催根率为81.1%、移栽成活率为91.1%。而‘蜜红’品种则催根率为60%、移栽成活率为86.7%。因此利用这一技术获得的结果相比成龄侧芽优势明显,可用于番木瓜种苗的商业化生产。