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1.
Fungal propagules existing in the natural environment can easily be transmitted to the human body, mostly by inhalation of contaminated air or direct contact onto the skin, nails, and mucosa. Fungal infections in humans are, as compared to viral and bacterial infections, rarely serious (life-threatening) unless the immune system is weakened. Because azole fungicides (demethylation inhibitors, DMIs) are among the most important antifungal compounds used broadly in human and animal medicine as well as in agriculture and material protection, fungal propagules may come into contact with azoles almost everywhere, presenting a potential “crossover-use-pattern” and “cross-contamination-risk” for resistant propagules in all areas. A “hot-spot” in terms of the emergence of azole resistance in a fungal species is defined as a habitat in which the species is actively propagating and exposed to a fungicidally effective azole at available concentrations high enough to select for resistant individuals, potentially multiplying and spreading to other habitats. Intrinsic antifungal resistance may exist in less sensitive or insensitive species independent of previous exposure to antifungal compounds, whereas acquired antifungal resistance can evolve if triggered by the exposure of an originally sensitive species (or population) to agricultural or medical antifungal agents, resulting in the selection of resistant individuals. The origin and risks of these developments in medical settings and the wider environment are elucidated for the most relevant life-threatening fungal human pathogens, including several species of Cryptococcus, Candida, Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium, and Scedosporium.  相似文献   
2.
为了有效监控永兴岛危险性害虫发生与危害,本研究对永兴岛可调查的所有陆地区域野生盐生植物、园林绿化植物、耐盐果蔬和绿色固沙植物害虫进行系统性普查及风险评估。普查结果表明:8种野生盐生植物上害虫(螨)19种,其中5种外来入侵害虫和11种世界危险性害虫普遍严重发生与危害;57种园林绿化植物上害虫(螨)33种,其中9种外来入侵害虫和17种世界危险性害虫普遍严重发生与危害;31种耐盐果蔬害虫(螨)36种,其中7种外来入侵害虫和20种世界危险性害虫普遍严重发生与危害;22种绿色固沙植物害虫(螨)15种,其中5种外来入侵害虫和5种世界危险性害虫普遍严重发生与危害。风险评估结果表明,椰心叶甲(Brontispa longissima)、木瓜秀粉蚧(Paracoccus marginatus)、扶桑绵粉蚧(Phenacoccus solenopsis)的综合风险值(R)均为2.09,在永兴岛均属于高度危险有害生物,椰子织蛾(Opisina arenosella)、波氏白背盾蚧(Diaspis boisduvalii)、新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccu neobrevipes)、烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)、棕榈蓟马(Thrips palmi)、二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)、瓜实蝇(Bactrocera cucuribitae)和美洲斑潜蝇(Liriomyza sativae)的R值分别为1.99、1.97、1.93、1.87、1.87、1.87、1.82和1.79,在永兴岛均属于中度危险有害生物。上述结果为永兴岛岛礁植物害虫发生与危害情况首次报道,为有效监控永兴岛生物安全提供了重要的基础信息支撑。  相似文献   
3.
准确预测不同区域杂交中稻开花期与自然极端高温发生期相遇的概率,有利于制定当地水稻生产避险高产稳产技术。以四川省推广的22个杂交中稻新品种为材料,在四川盆地东南部不同生态点开展品种生态适应性试验,研究了基于经度、纬度和海拔高度的杂交中稻开花期受自然极端高温伤害风险的预测方法。结果表明,杂交中稻齐穗后第5天日序与经度呈显著负相关,与海拔高度呈极显著正相关,与纬度相关性不显著。建立的基于经度(x1)和海拔(x3)预测水稻齐穗后第5天日序的回归模型,F值为13.25**~13.56**,决定程度高达0.8688~0.8715。该模型经多个品种连续2年在6个生态点的验证,实测值与预测值1∶1回归模型的决定系数高达0.8362~0.8641,实测值与预测值之间的均方根差(RMSE)值为0.83%~1.18%,预测值与实测值之间具有较好的一致性。将本研究建立的齐穗期与地理位置关系模型与作者等先期建立的基于地理位置(纬度:x2、海拔:x3)预测≥35℃最早发生期预测模型相结合,探明了不同地理位置杂交中稻开花期受极端高温伤害的机率。利用地理位置信息可准确预测杂交中稻开花期受极端高温伤害的风险程度,具有较好的生产适用性。  相似文献   
4.
Bottom trawl fishing is a controversial activity. It yields about a quarter of the world's wild seafood, but also has impacts on the marine environment. Recent advances have quantified and improved understanding of large‐scale impacts of trawling on the seabed. However, such information needs to be coupled with distributions of benthic invertebrates (benthos) to assess whether these populations are being sustained under current trawling regimes. This study collated data from 13 diverse regions of the globe spanning four continents. Within each region, we combined trawl intensity distributions and predicted abundance distributions of benthos groups with impact and recovery parameters for taxonomic classes in a risk assessment model to estimate benthos status. The exposure of 220 predicted benthos‐group distributions to trawling intensity (as swept area ratio) ranged between 0% and 210% (mean = 37%) of abundance. However, benthos status, an indicator of the depleted abundance under chronic trawling pressure as a proportion of untrawled state, ranged between 0.86 and 1 (mean = 0.99), with 78% of benthos groups > 0.95. Mean benthos status was lowest in regions of Europe and Africa, and for taxonomic classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda. Our results demonstrate that while spatial overlap studies can help infer general patterns of potential risk, actual risks cannot be evaluated without using an assessment model that incorporates trawl impact and recovery metrics. These quantitative outputs are essential for sustainability assessments, and together with reference points and thresholds, can help managers ensure use of the marine environment is sustainable under the ecosystem approach to management.  相似文献   
5.
Understanding spatial population structure and biocomplexity is critical for determining a species’ resilience to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations. However, integrated population models (IPMs) used to develop management advice for harvested populations have been slow to incorporate spatial dynamics. Therefore, limited research has been devoted to understanding the reliability of movement parameter estimation in spatial population models, especially for spatially dynamic marine fish populations. We implemented a spatial simulation–estimation framework that emulated a generic marine fish metapopulation to explore the impact of ontogenetic movement and climate‐induced distributional shifts between two populations. The robustness of spatially stratified IPMs was explored across a range of movement parametrizations, including ignoring connectivity or estimating movement with various levels of complexity. Ignoring connectivity was detrimental to accurate estimation of population‐specific biomass, while implementing spatial IPMs with intermediate levels of complexity (e.g. estimating movement in two‐year and two‐age blocks) performed best when no a priori information about underlying movement was available. One‐way distributional shifts mimicking climate‐induced poleward migrations presented the greatest estimation difficulties, but the incorporation of auxiliary information on connectivity (e.g. tag‐recapture data) reduced bias. The continued development of spatially stratified modelling approaches should allow harvested resources to be better utilized without increased risk. Additionally, expanded collection and incorporation of unique spatially explicit data will enhance the robustness of IPMs in the future.  相似文献   
6.
文章利用气相色谱质谱法测定了广东沿海主要养殖区(汕头、汕尾、深圳、珠海、江门、阳江、湛江)养殖牡蛎体内30种多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenys,PCBs)的含量,评价了其污染水平和致癌风险。结果表明,广东养殖牡蛎中普遍检出PCBs,检出率为97.6%,其质量分数为nd~8.62 ng·g-1(湿质量,下同),平均值为(0.57±1.23)ng·g-1,其中以深圳水域养殖牡蛎体内的PCBs含量最高,珠海次之,汕头、阳江、江门、湛江及汕尾较低。不同地区养殖牡蛎中PCBs的组成模式类似,均以五氯代和六氯代PCBs为主。与国内外部分沿海海域贝类相比,广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs含量处于较低水平。广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs残留量低于中国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》及欧盟国家的贝类卫生标准,食用牡蛎的致癌风险及危害商数均小于美国环保局(EPA)推荐的可接受风险水平,致癌风险处于可接受风险水平。  相似文献   
7.
黄鳝(Monopterus albus)养殖产业近年发展较快,已在中国18个省、自治区、直辖市进行养殖,连续10年产量超过30万t。黄鳝养殖方式主要为池塘网箱养殖,其特殊的生态养殖方式对水环境污染小,影响黄鳝产品质量安全的原因主要为养殖环境及投入品。养殖环境中的重金属、农药残留等通过食物链及其他途径影响黄鳝产品质量。在人工养殖环境下,黄鳝体内重金属未超标,而野生环境下的黄鳝,尤其是黄鳝苗,其体内重金属超标风险较高。通过对黄鳝体内农药残留进行调查,主要检测了敌敌畏、氟虫腈、五氯酚钠和林丹4种农药,从检测结果看,黄鳝体内这4种农药的残留情况总体良好,敌敌畏和氟虫腈都未检出,林丹和五氯酚钠仅在个别样品有检出;对黄鳝配合饲料的检测未发现重金属超标,未检测到雌二醇、己烯雌酚和甲基睾酮等性激素;研究发现,作为动物饲料源的水蚯蚓和蚯蚓可能是黄鳝体内砷的重要来源,螺等鲜活饵料可能是黄鳝其他重金属的重要来源;渔用药物中,防治寄生虫药物阿苯达唑在投喂养殖期间的黄鳝体内有一定比例检出并超标,呋喃类药物、氯霉素,氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和磺胺类等有部分检出,但含量未超标。通过近10年的抽样调查,没有发现违禁药物与激素在黄鳝体内超标,近10年黄鳝质量安全是稳定的。  相似文献   
8.
目前中国针对罗非鱼(Oreochroms mossambcus)出口产品的质量安全监测系统尚不完善,建立罗非鱼质量安全评价标准、评估影响罗非鱼食品安全的因素,对于建立罗非鱼安全防控模式具有重要意义。本研究以罗非鱼的质量安全作为研究目标,通过对苗种培育、养殖环境及水产品流通等环节可能产生的风险事件的识别,建立罗非鱼质量风险评估体系。文章介绍了罗非鱼质量安全的总体概况,并分析了种苗、渔药、养殖生态及产品流通等影响罗非鱼质量安全的风险因素,并针对相关质量安全问题提出相应解决措施。本研究旨在促进罗非鱼产业的高质量发展,有助于为中国水产品的系统监测、评估体系建立提供参考。  相似文献   
9.
Information about the population structure of Conger conger (L.) is scarce, being a limiting factor for fisheries assessment. To make available important baseline information and to test the hypothesis that the population in the mid-North Atlantic (Azores region) represents a fishery management unit, fishery-dependent and survey data relating to bathymetric distribution, length composition and movement patterns were examined. Fishing impacts were also evaluated using abundance and size trends over the last 25 years. The greatest abundance was in depths between 300 and 600 m. Sizes ranged from 14 to 260 cm, with larger individuals around seamounts. Tagging data showed a strong sedentary behaviour. Results combined with previous genetic and otolith studies indicated the stock in the Azores may represent a self-contained population. Abundance and size trends were stable, but the species is considered vulnerable to overfishing due to its biological characteristics. Monitoring and adequate rational resource management are of utmost importance.  相似文献   
10.
为评价长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)保护区内鱼体质量金属富集现状及重金属污染对江豚的潜在影响,2018年6月、9月和12月分别在保护区江段采集了鳊、鳜、■、鲢和鲫5种鱼类,测定鱼体肌肉中的Pb、Cd、As、Cu和Zn等5种重金属元素的含量,评价保护区鱼类受重金属污染的程度。结果显示,鲫肌肉Cd的单项污染指数(Pi)均大于0.5,夏季捕捞的肌肉As的Pi略高于0.5,其余鱼类的Pb、Cd和As的Pi均小于0.5。研究结果表明,保护区鱼类重金属污染总体风险较小,但部分江豚饵料鱼类存在轻度污染,对江豚有潜在影响,需要引起注意。  相似文献   
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