嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力及其药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病病原菌链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力,并进行其对梨黑斑病的田间药效试验。结果表明：嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50为0.126 8 μg/mL ;40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂250～500 mg/L对梨黑斑病的防效为66%～82%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对梨树安全。     

辽宁省蔬菜灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性

2006年从辽宁省不同地区采集蔬菜灰霉病果或病叶,经分离共获得灰霉病菌株86株。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对嘧霉胺的敏感性。试验结果表明,灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺产生中等水平抗药性,抗性频率为17.41%。经紫外、药剂联合诱导获得了高抗菌株,抗性倍数最高达62.78倍。嘧霉胺与多菌灵和腐霉利间不存在交互抗药性,苯胺基嘧啶类杀菌剂之间存在交互抗性。野生抗性菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性,连续转接9次后抗药性无明显下降。不同菌株的菌丝生长速度、鲜重和产孢量存在明显差异,但该差异与灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的敏感性无相关性。     

Mode of action of the anilino-pyrimidine fungicide pyrimethanil. 2. Effects on enzyme secretion in Botrytis cinerea

The effect of pyrimethanil on the levels of cell wall degrading enzymes secreted by Botrytis cinerea Pers. was investigated in diseased plant tissues and in liquid B. cinerea cultures. Total proteinase activity isolated from infected carrot slices which were treated with 5.0 μM pyrimethanil was decreased by 76%, 3 d after inoculation. Polygalacturonase, cellulase, proteinase and laccase activities were all decreased in the medium of three day-old cultures grown in the presence of pyrimethanil. The pyrimethanil concentrations resulting in 50% reduction in total enzyme activities (IC₅₀) were approximately 0.25 μM for polygalacturonase, cellulase and proteinase, and approximately 1.0 μM for laccase. No significant growth inhibition was observed at these pyrimethanil concentrations. Pyrimethanil did not inhibit the enzymes directly, nor did it inhibit the synthesis of cytosolic proteins. Therefore, it was proposed that the fungicide inhibits protein secretion at a post-translational stage in the secretory pathway. Large differences were found in the effects of pyrimethanil on the growth of B. cinerea in liquid cultures and on agar plates, depending on the composition of the medium. In liquid media containing cellulose and protein as carbon and nitrogen sources, growth inhibition occurred at 5.0 μM pyrimethanil, whilst no growth inhibition was observed with 50 μM pyrimethanil in malt extract. Similarly, growth occurred on potato/dextrose agar (PDA) at 0.5 μM pyrimethanil, but no growth was seen at this concentration on agars containing cellulose and protein. Thus it appears that pyrimethanil is most active in media where the fungus has to utilise extracellular enzymes to mobilise the nutrients it requires for growth.     

中国葡萄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性检测

【目的】检测中国葡萄灰霉病菌对苯胺基嘧啶类杀菌剂嘧霉胺的抗药性,明确中国不同葡萄产区灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性及抗性频率,为葡萄灰霉病的药剂防治提供理论基础。【方法】从中国葡萄主产区采集、分离纯化104个葡萄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea Pers.）的单孢菌株,采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对嘧霉胺的抗药性。【结果】中国葡萄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗性频率为22.22%—62.5%,且以高抗和中抗菌株为主,其中高抗菌株频率达44.23%;葡萄不同气候栽培区的灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺抗药性不同。【结论】中国葡萄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性较为普遍,且存在交互抗性,据此,在葡萄灰霉病的防治中应限制嘧霉胺的使用次数,可与二甲酰亚胺类、氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂交替使用;引进防治葡萄灰霉病的新型杀菌剂或生物农药。     

嘧霉胺悬浮剂的润湿性能及其靶标表面性质研究

采用光学视频接触角测量仪对加入不同润湿分散剂(7227-A、SOPROPHOR FD和SC-4)的40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂的表面张力及其分量进行了测定,同时研究了作用靶标黄瓜和番茄叶片的表面自由能,以及药液在其上的润湿展布性能。结果显示:不同配方的嘧霉胺悬浮剂其表面张力在39~51 mN/m之间,且均以色散分量为主,其中加入SC-4的药剂表面张力最低(39~48 mN/m);黄瓜和番茄叶片的表面自由能均较小,在22 mJ/m2左右,不利于药液润湿,且以极性分量占主导;各配方药液的水稀释液在番茄叶面上的接触角在51~86°之间,在黄瓜叶面上的接触角在30~62°之间,药液在黄瓜叶面上更易附着,其中加入7227-A的药剂在黄瓜叶片上润湿性能最好,加入SOPROPHOR FD的药剂在番茄叶片上润湿性能最好;田间防治效果与药液的润湿性能呈正相关。表明嘧霉胺悬浮剂对靶标的润湿性能不仅与药液的表面张力有关,也与其分量有关,同时受到靶标表面性质的影响,通过研究药液对靶标润湿性能可分析评价其药效。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定韭菜中多菌灵、吡虫啉等7种农药残留量

本文研究了多菌灵、吡虫啉、嘧霉胺、除虫脲、灭幼脲、辛硫磷和阿维菌素在韭菜上的残留量,建立了使用液质联用仪同时检测的方法,样品提取液中加入N-丙基乙二胺和石墨化炭黑离心后再经过氨基柱净化,大大降低了干扰,提高了检测的灵敏度该方法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高。     

气相色谱法测定元胡、浙贝母和白芍中嘧霉胺残留

建立了一种测定元胡、浙贝母和白芍3种中药材中嘧霉胺残留的气相色谱分析方法。样品经二氯甲烷提取,液-液分配,柱层析[m（中性氧化铝）:m（弗罗里硅土）=3:2]净化,气相色谱-氮磷检测器（GC-NPD）检测,基质匹配外标法定量,同时经气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）验证。结果表明:在0.02~10 mg/L范围内,分别以正己烷和3种空白基质溶液为溶剂配制嘧霉胺的标准工作溶液,峰面积与相应的质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,R2均大于0.999;在0.01（元胡中为0.02）、0.1和0.5 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,添加回收率为75%~104%,日内相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.3%~10.2%（n=5）,日间RSD为1.2%~9.0%（n=3）。分析方法在元胡、浙贝母和白芍中的定量限（LOQ）分别为0.02、0.01和0.01 mg/kg。该方法的灵敏度、准确度及精密度均符合农药残留分析要求,且简单易行,净化效果好,适用于元胡、浙贝母和白芍中嘧霉胺分析。     

嘧霉胺·苯醚甲环唑40%悬浮剂的研制

介绍了嘧霉胺·苯醚甲环唑40%悬浮剂的制备方法,简述了该剂型的特点、配方选择、质量技术标准、贮存稳定性。试验结果表明：该产品具有悬浮率高,热贮分解率小等特点,产品各项指标符合悬浮剂的要求。     

番茄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性

2001年从辽宁省不同地区的保护地中采集番茄灰霉病果或病叶，经单孢分离共获得番茄灰霉病菌70株。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对嘧霉胺的敏感性。结果表明，番茄灰霉病菌已对嘧霉胺产生中等水平抗药性，抗性频率为20．0％。经室内药剂诱导获得了高抗菌株，抗性倍数最高达35．7倍。嘧霉胺与多菌灵及嘧霉胺与速克灵间不存在交互抗药性。野生抗性菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性，连续转接9次后抗药性无明显下降。不同菌株的菌丝生长速度、鲜重和渗透敏感性存在显著差异，但该差异与灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的敏感性无相关性。抗性菌株与敏感菌株具有同样的致病能力。     

杀菌剂嘧霉胺的合成研究

本文介绍了杀菌剂嘧霉胺的发展状况,并在多种合成方法中选择一条较佳的合成路线,使产品总收率达到72.5%,纯度〉97%.